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<p>Waterborne pathogens pose a persistent global health threat, underscoring the need for alternative strategies that complement conventional chemical and physical methods for bacterial inactivation. We introduce a self-powered microrobot (SPM) platform capable of autonomous, recyclable, and scalable inactivation and removal of waterborne bacteria. Composed of ion-exchange resin microspheres functionalized with superparamagnetic Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles, the SPMs self-propel via asymmetric chemical gradients, generating electrophoretic forces that facilitate dynamic bacterial capture. Concurrently, the localized release of hydroxide ions establishes hyperalkaline microenvironments (pH ≈ 12) that disrupt bacterial membranes, achieving inactivation efficiencies exceeding 99% against both Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>) and Gram-positive (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) species. The system maintains consistent bactericidal performance over multiple regeneration cycles, with magnetic responsiveness enabling precise control and facile recovery. A closed-loop miniplant prototype further demonstrates its potential for continuous and automated water purification. This microrobot-based strategy provides a modular, efficient, and reusable platform for advanced microbial remediation, with broad implications for environmental and biomedical applications.</p>

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Self-powered microrobots for scalable bacterial inactivation and removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月3日

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  • Dapeng Lei,
  • Wanyuan Li,
  • Peng Song,
  • Shuohua Xiao,
  • Kunfeng Liu,
  • Zhuochen Huang,
  • Li Chen,
  • Jingsong Yao,
  • Deshan Bin,
  • Yin Ning,
  • Jizhuang Wang,
  • Dan Li

摘要

Waterborne pathogens pose a persistent global health threat, underscoring the need for alternative strategies that complement conventional chemical and physical methods for bacterial inactivation. We introduce a self-powered microrobot (SPM) platform capable of autonomous, recyclable, and scalable inactivation and removal of waterborne bacteria. Composed of ion-exchange resin microspheres functionalized with superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the SPMs self-propel via asymmetric chemical gradients, generating electrophoretic forces that facilitate dynamic bacterial capture. Concurrently, the localized release of hydroxide ions establishes hyperalkaline microenvironments (pH ≈ 12) that disrupt bacterial membranes, achieving inactivation efficiencies exceeding 99% against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) species. The system maintains consistent bactericidal performance over multiple regeneration cycles, with magnetic responsiveness enabling precise control and facile recovery. A closed-loop miniplant prototype further demonstrates its potential for continuous and automated water purification. This microrobot-based strategy provides a modular, efficient, and reusable platform for advanced microbial remediation, with broad implications for environmental and biomedical applications.