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<p>The development of stable, high-capacity electrode materials is critical for advancing aqueous proton batteries (APBs). Herein, we report a polyimide powder/reduced graphene oxide composite (PMDP@rGO) as an efficient anode material for APBs. The energy storage mechanism relies on the reversible redox reaction of C=O and C=N functional groups (C=N/N–H and C=O/C–OH) in the polyimide. Molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) analysis reveals that the C=O group exhibits stronger H<sup>+</sup> uptake ability than C=N. The polymerized PMDP demonstrates a reduced energy gap (3.03 eV), which enhances its electrical conductivity and facilitates redox kinetics for proton storage. The PMDP electrode achieves a high specific capacity of 260 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> with exceptional cycling stability (84% capacity retention after 10000 cycles in 1.0 mol L<sup>−1</sup> H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> electrolyte). In contrast, the PMDP@rGO composite, synthesized via graphene incorporation, delivers an even higher specific capacity (355 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>) and superior stability (91% retention after 10000 cycles). These results highlight the potential of polyimide-based materials for high-performance APBs, offering a promising pathway toward next-generation energy storage systems.</p>

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High-capacity and durable polyimide/reduced graphene composite for aqueous proton batteries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Ao Yu,
  • Yu Liang,
  • Wu Xia,
  • Jintian Jiang,
  • Jing He,
  • Qipeng Zhang,
  • Vaishnavii Subbiah Ponnusamy,
  • Zihao Xing,
  • Hongshan Bi,
  • Jinfa Chang

摘要

The development of stable, high-capacity electrode materials is critical for advancing aqueous proton batteries (APBs). Herein, we report a polyimide powder/reduced graphene oxide composite (PMDP@rGO) as an efficient anode material for APBs. The energy storage mechanism relies on the reversible redox reaction of C=O and C=N functional groups (C=N/N–H and C=O/C–OH) in the polyimide. Molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) analysis reveals that the C=O group exhibits stronger H+ uptake ability than C=N. The polymerized PMDP demonstrates a reduced energy gap (3.03 eV), which enhances its electrical conductivity and facilitates redox kinetics for proton storage. The PMDP electrode achieves a high specific capacity of 260 mAh g−1 with exceptional cycling stability (84% capacity retention after 10000 cycles in 1.0 mol L−1 H2SO4 electrolyte). In contrast, the PMDP@rGO composite, synthesized via graphene incorporation, delivers an even higher specific capacity (355 mAh g−1) and superior stability (91% retention after 10000 cycles). These results highlight the potential of polyimide-based materials for high-performance APBs, offering a promising pathway toward next-generation energy storage systems.