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<p>With the rapid global transition toward renewable energy and electrification, developing high-performance electrode materials with high energy density and structural stability has become a critical challenge. Conventional structural and chemical characterization techniques (<i>e.g.</i>, XRD, TEM, XAS, NMR) have contributed significantly to understanding electrochemical systems, yet they often fail to resolve electronic spin states, local defects, and dynamic interfacial processes under realistic conditions. In this context, advanced magnetic characterization techniques, particularly magnetometry and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), are evolving toward operando magnetometry and operando EPR, providing unique insights into the evolution of electronic structure, spin states, and redox mechanisms in battery materials. This review summarizes recent progress in applying magnetometry and EPR to lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, highlighting their capability to track transition-metal valence changes, spin-state transitions, defect formation, oxygen redox processes, and interfacial charge storage phenomena. Complementary techniques such as Mössbauer spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and muon spin relaxation are also discussed. By integrating experimental results with theoretical analysis, these methods offer powerful tools for unveiling charge compensation mechanisms, phase transitions, and degradation pathways. Finally, we outline current challenges and future opportunities for magnetic characterization in energy storage research, aiming to provide methodological support and magnetic perspectives for the rational design of durable, high-performance electrode materials.</p>

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Applications of advanced magnetic characterization techniques in energy storage

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Fei Wang,
  • Haining Liu,
  • Mingyue Ruan,
  • Qiang Li

摘要

With the rapid global transition toward renewable energy and electrification, developing high-performance electrode materials with high energy density and structural stability has become a critical challenge. Conventional structural and chemical characterization techniques (e.g., XRD, TEM, XAS, NMR) have contributed significantly to understanding electrochemical systems, yet they often fail to resolve electronic spin states, local defects, and dynamic interfacial processes under realistic conditions. In this context, advanced magnetic characterization techniques, particularly magnetometry and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), are evolving toward operando magnetometry and operando EPR, providing unique insights into the evolution of electronic structure, spin states, and redox mechanisms in battery materials. This review summarizes recent progress in applying magnetometry and EPR to lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, highlighting their capability to track transition-metal valence changes, spin-state transitions, defect formation, oxygen redox processes, and interfacial charge storage phenomena. Complementary techniques such as Mössbauer spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and muon spin relaxation are also discussed. By integrating experimental results with theoretical analysis, these methods offer powerful tools for unveiling charge compensation mechanisms, phase transitions, and degradation pathways. Finally, we outline current challenges and future opportunities for magnetic characterization in energy storage research, aiming to provide methodological support and magnetic perspectives for the rational design of durable, high-performance electrode materials.