<p>N-type organic cathodes, which are representative high-capacity organic materials, still exhibit low output voltage when paired with zinc anode in aqueous batteries (typically below 0.8 V vs. Zn<sup>2+</sup>/Zn), thereby limiting their energy densities. In this work, we demonstrate that the strong electron-withdrawing cyano groups in 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) enable a high output voltage (1.15 V vs. Zn<sup>2+</sup>/Zn). However, challenges such as sluggish redox kinetics and rapid capacity decay arise during Zn<sup>2+</sup> ion storage. The incorporation of Na<sup>+</sup> ions and I<sup>−</sup>/I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> redox mediator in the conventional ZnSO<sub>4</sub> aqueous electrolyte is proposed to address these issues. Comprehensive characterizations reveal that Na<sup>+</sup> ions preferentially intercalated into TCNQ over Zn<sup>2+</sup> ions, resulting in a more favorable interlayer spacing adjustment due to their low charge density. Additionally, the iodine redox couple synergistically interacts with the TCNQ redox process, constructing a “cascade” mechanism that chemically oxidizes NaTCNQ, ensuring its complete conversion back to TCNQ. Benefiting from the synergy of Na<sup>+</sup> and I<sup>−</sup> ions, the TCNQ cathode demonstrates significant improvement in reversibility, rate capability, and excellent cycle performance of 2000 cycles with a decay rate of 0.0035% per cycle. This work provides a new strategy for optimizing high-performance organic cathodes for aqueous batteries.</p>

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A high-voltage tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) organic cathode enabled by Na+ and I synergy for durable aqueous batteries

  • Wenjiao Ma,
  • Chengjun Lei,
  • Tingting Liu,
  • Xiao Liang

摘要

N-type organic cathodes, which are representative high-capacity organic materials, still exhibit low output voltage when paired with zinc anode in aqueous batteries (typically below 0.8 V vs. Zn2+/Zn), thereby limiting their energy densities. In this work, we demonstrate that the strong electron-withdrawing cyano groups in 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) enable a high output voltage (1.15 V vs. Zn2+/Zn). However, challenges such as sluggish redox kinetics and rapid capacity decay arise during Zn2+ ion storage. The incorporation of Na+ ions and I/I3 redox mediator in the conventional ZnSO4 aqueous electrolyte is proposed to address these issues. Comprehensive characterizations reveal that Na+ ions preferentially intercalated into TCNQ over Zn2+ ions, resulting in a more favorable interlayer spacing adjustment due to their low charge density. Additionally, the iodine redox couple synergistically interacts with the TCNQ redox process, constructing a “cascade” mechanism that chemically oxidizes NaTCNQ, ensuring its complete conversion back to TCNQ. Benefiting from the synergy of Na+ and I ions, the TCNQ cathode demonstrates significant improvement in reversibility, rate capability, and excellent cycle performance of 2000 cycles with a decay rate of 0.0035% per cycle. This work provides a new strategy for optimizing high-performance organic cathodes for aqueous batteries.