In-situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy for two-dimensional energy materials

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are vital for the development of advanced materials in the next-generation energy conversion and storage devices. In-situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) acts as a powerful tool for characterizing the dynamic evolution of materials under work condition in real time and in operando. Herein, this mini-review highlights the considerable advances in the utilization of in-situ LP-TEM for studying the physical and chemical process dynamics of 2D materials, such as their nucleation growth and phase transformation. The electrocatalytic water splitting reactions and CO₂ electroreduction of 2D energy materials are highlighted. The underlying electrochemical reaction mechanisms of the 2D electrode materials in rechargeable batteries are discussed and summarized. Finally, the current challenges and perspectives for future research are proposed. This min-review aims to inspire and stimulate further innovation and encourage the broader adoption of LP-TEM in exploring the fascinating dynamics of 2D energy materials.