Recent development in electrode design for wide-temperature supercapacitors

An ever-increasing market demand has stimulated the soaring enthusiasm of researchers to develop wide-temperature super-capacitors (SCs). The active electrode is one of the most important parts of SC, which is directly related to the energy density, power transmission and long-term cyclability of the device in the wide-temperature environment. Compared with the SC electrodes aimed for room-temperature application, the SC electrodes for operating at wide-temperature scene often face greater challenges. In this review, the main challenges of SC electrodes under various temperature conditions, including low, high and cross-fade temperatures, are summarized. The relevant performance decay and failure mechanisms of wide-temperature SC electrodes are analyzed. In addition, this review deals with the recent studies and developments in robust wide-temperature SC electrodes with respect to the rational design of electrode structures and the exploitation of advanced active materials. Finally, the future directions for exploring reliable wide-temperature SCs are also proposed.