Recent progress in all-inorganic tin-based perovskite solar cells: a review

Recently, power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been improved to 26.1%. However, the toxicity issue of lead still hinders the large-scale commercial production and application of lead (Pb)-based halide perovskites. Fortunately, environmentally friendly tin (Sn)-based perovskites have recently shown excellent performance. Among them, the all-inorganic Sn-based perovskites, including CsSnX₃ and Cs₂SnX₆, have better stability, more suitable bandgap, and higher charge mobility, which have attracted more attention from researchers than organic-inorganic Sn-based hybrid perovskites. Herein, we review recent research progress on all-inorganic Sn-based perovskite materials and corresponding solar cell devices. Finally, we also summarize the current challenges and future research directions for this type of PSCs.