<p>Let <i>E</i> be an elliptic curve over ℚ. Let ap denote the trace of the Frobenius endomorphism at a rational prime <i>p</i>. For a fixed integer <i>r</i>, define the prime-counting function as <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="MediaObjects/11425_2023_2372_Fig1_HTML.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="120" Type="Linedraw" Width="189" /> </InlineMediaObject> The Lang-Trotter conjecture predicts that <Equation ID="Equ1"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11425_2023_2372_Article_Equ1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="41" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="204" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\pi_{E,r}(x)=C_{E{,r}}\cdot\frac{\sqrt{x}}{{\rm{log}}{x}}+o\frac{\sqrt{x}}{{\rm{log}}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mfrac> <msqrt> <mi>x</mi> </msqrt> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>+</mo> <mi>o</mi> <mfrac> <msqrt> <mi>x</mi> </msqrt> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </Equation> as <i>x</i> → ∞, where <i>C</i><sub><i>E</i>,<i>r</i></sub> is a specific non-negative constant. The Hardy-Littlewood conjecture gives a similar asymptotic formula as above for the number of primes of the form <i>ax</i><sup>2</sup> + <i>bx</i> + <i>c</i>. Assuming that the Hardy-Littlewood conjecture holds, we determine the constant <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11425_2023_2372_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C_{E_{D}},r\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>r</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <i>E</i><sub><i>D</i></sub>: <i>y</i><sup>2</sup> = <i>x</i><sup>3</sup> + <i>Dx</i>. As a consequence, we establish a relationship between the Hardy-Littlewood conjecture and the Lang-Trotter conjecture for the elliptic curve <i>y</i><sup>2</sup> = <i>x</i><sup>3</sup> + <i>Dx</i>. We show that the Hardy-Littlewood conjecture implies the Lang-Trotter conjecture for <i>y</i><sup>2</sup> = <i>x</i><sup>3</sup> + <i>Dx</i>. Conversely, if the Lang-Trotter conjecture holds for some <i>D</i> and 2<i>r</i> (for <i>y</i><sup>2</sup> = <i>x</i><sup>3</sup> + <i>Dx</i>, <i>p</i> ∤ <i>D</i>, <i>ap</i> is always even) with the positive constant <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11425_2023_2372_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C_{E_{D}},r\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>r</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, then the polynomial <i>x</i><sup>2</sup> + <i>r</i><sup>2</sup> represents infinitely many primes. For a prime <i>p</i>, if <i>a</i><sub><i>p</i></sub> = 2<i>r</i>, then <i>p</i> is necessarily of the form <i>x</i><sup>2</sup> + <i>r</i><sup>2</sup>. Fixing <i>r</i> and <i>D</i>, and assuming that the Hardy-Littlewood conjecture holds, we obtain the density of the primes with <i>a</i><sub><i>p</i></sub> = 2<i>r</i> inside the set of primes of the form <i>x</i><sup>2</sup> + <i>r</i><sup>2</sup>. In some cases, the density is 1/4, which aligns with natural expectations, but this does not hold for all <i>D</i>. In particular, we give a full list of <i>D</i> and <i>r</i> when there is no prime <i>p</i> for <i>a</i><sub><i>p</i></sub> = 2<i>r</i>.</p>

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The Lang-Trotter conjecture for the elliptic curve y2 = x3 + Dx

  • Hourong Qin

摘要

Let E be an elliptic curve over ℚ. Let ap denote the trace of the Frobenius endomorphism at a rational prime p. For a fixed integer r, define the prime-counting function as The Lang-Trotter conjecture predicts that \(\pi_{E,r}(x)=C_{E{,r}}\cdot\frac{\sqrt{x}}{{\rm{log}}{x}}+o\frac{\sqrt{x}}{{\rm{log}}}\) π E , r ( x ) = C E , r x l o g x + o x l o g as x → ∞, where CE,r is a specific non-negative constant. The Hardy-Littlewood conjecture gives a similar asymptotic formula as above for the number of primes of the form ax2 + bx + c. Assuming that the Hardy-Littlewood conjecture holds, we determine the constant \(C_{E_{D}},r\) C E D , r for ED: y2 = x3 + Dx. As a consequence, we establish a relationship between the Hardy-Littlewood conjecture and the Lang-Trotter conjecture for the elliptic curve y2 = x3 + Dx. We show that the Hardy-Littlewood conjecture implies the Lang-Trotter conjecture for y2 = x3 + Dx. Conversely, if the Lang-Trotter conjecture holds for some D and 2r (for y2 = x3 + Dx, pD, ap is always even) with the positive constant \(C_{E_{D}},r\) C E D , r , then the polynomial x2 + r2 represents infinitely many primes. For a prime p, if ap = 2r, then p is necessarily of the form x2 + r2. Fixing r and D, and assuming that the Hardy-Littlewood conjecture holds, we obtain the density of the primes with ap = 2r inside the set of primes of the form x2 + r2. In some cases, the density is 1/4, which aligns with natural expectations, but this does not hold for all D. In particular, we give a full list of D and r when there is no prime p for ap = 2r.