A characterization of socular highest weight modules and Richardson orbits of classical types

Let \(\frak{g}\) $$\mathfrak{g}$$ be a simple complex Lie algebra of classical type with a Cartan subalgebra \(\frak{h}\) $$\mathfrak{h}$$ . We fix a standard parabolic subalgebra \(\frak{p}\supset\frak{h}\) $$\mathfrak{p}\supset \mathfrak{h}$$ . The socular simple modules are just those highest weight modules with the largest possible Gelfand-Kirillov dimension in the corresponding parabolic category \(\cal{O}^{\frak{p}}\) $${\mathcal{O}}^{\mathfrak{p}}$$ . In this article, we give an explicit characterization of these modules. When the module is integral, our characterization is given by the information of the corresponding Young tableau associated with the given highest weight module. When the module is nonintegral, we still have some characterization by using the results in the integral case. In our characterization, we define a particular Young diagram called the Z-diagram. From this diagram, we can describe the partition type of the unique Richardson orbit associated with the given parabolic subalgebra \(\frak{p}\) $$\mathfrak{p}$$ .