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<p>Extensive studies have documented how the permeation of algorithmic tactics and data-driven practices into penalty has epitomized actuarial justice (or new penology), reinforced the culture of control, and generated perpetual surveillance. Yet, rare studies to date have examined how these AI-based technologies craft the diverse and fluid identities of offenders as they are entangled with digitalized corrections in China. Drawing on ethnographic data from China’s urban community corrections where smart corrections are extensively constructed, this study focuses on the dynamic process by which offender identities are constructed and enacted in the digitalized penalty. The analysis reveals two intertwined yet seemingly contradictory forms of digital identity: digital citizenship and digital bondage. These digital identities emerge from and are embedded in the strategic deployment of AI-based technologies by correctional workgroups and offenders’ agentic interpretations of technological entanglements. The findings underscore the constitutive yet contested impact of sprawling AI technologies on both penal decision-making and offenders’ lived experiences with Chinese punishment.</p>

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Digital Citizenship or Digital Bondage: How AI-Based Technologies Construct the Identity of Offenders Within Chinese Community Corrections

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Tongtao Lv,
  • Jize Jiang,
  • Yuchen Meng

摘要

Extensive studies have documented how the permeation of algorithmic tactics and data-driven practices into penalty has epitomized actuarial justice (or new penology), reinforced the culture of control, and generated perpetual surveillance. Yet, rare studies to date have examined how these AI-based technologies craft the diverse and fluid identities of offenders as they are entangled with digitalized corrections in China. Drawing on ethnographic data from China’s urban community corrections where smart corrections are extensively constructed, this study focuses on the dynamic process by which offender identities are constructed and enacted in the digitalized penalty. The analysis reveals two intertwined yet seemingly contradictory forms of digital identity: digital citizenship and digital bondage. These digital identities emerge from and are embedded in the strategic deployment of AI-based technologies by correctional workgroups and offenders’ agentic interpretations of technological entanglements. The findings underscore the constitutive yet contested impact of sprawling AI technologies on both penal decision-making and offenders’ lived experiences with Chinese punishment.