<p>Drug crimes have long been one of the most impactful and prevalent types of crime in Taiwan, with drug offenders being the largest group in prisons. Therefore, the rehabilitation effectiveness of drug offenders has become a primary concern for correctional institutions. Past treatment plans have mainly focused on male offenders, often neglecting the needs of female offenders. To more accurately assess the treatment needs of offenders of different genders, this study employed a questionnaire survey conducted from January to March 2024, targeting 779 male offenders in Taoyuan Prison, Taichung Prison, and Kaohsiung Second Prison, as well as 747 female offenders in Taoyuan Women’s Prison, Taichung Women’s Prison, and Kaohsiung Women’s Prison. The aim is to explore the treatment needs of offenders of different genders within the prison. Research results show that female inmates generally adapt better in prison than male inmates, and women have a greater need for courses on family relationships, conflict resolution, and emotional adjustment. In terms of treatment activities, both male and female inmates expressed a high demand for family visitation days, festive activities, and skills training, with males particularly hoping for more opportunities for dynamic ball sports. Additionally, inmates who bring their children into prison need more resources and planning to support their needs. Based on these results, the study recommends developing more targeted treatment courses and activity arrangements according to gender differences, thereby enhancing the rehabilitation effects and treatment quality for drug offenders.</p>