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<p>Repeatedly asking individuals to answer the same question can increase their confidence in response accuracy, even when it does not improve accuracy per se. Fiechter and Kornell (2021) proposed two theoretical explanations to account for this repeated questioning effect on confidence, namely a fluency hypothesis and a response-repetition hypothesis. Their results supported the response-repetition hypothesis by showing a mediation effect of response repetition in the relationship between repeated questioning and confidence. Meanwhile, their results did not support the fluency hypothesis by showing no mediation effect of trial-completion times. However, fluency can be defined in multiple ways. To further test the fluency hypothesis, the current study used the same experimental procedure as in Fiechter and Kornell (2021), but employed first-key latency as a measure of retrieval fluency. The results showed a reliable mediation effect of first-key latency. Consistent with Fiechter and Kornell (2021), there was also a reliable mediation effect of response repetition. The documented findings support the fluency and response-repetition hypotheses to jointly account for the repeated questioning effect.</p>

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Both fluency and response repetition are responsible for inflated confidence induced by repeated questioning

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Anran Li,
  • Yang Wang,
  • Wenbo Zhao,
  • Joshua L. Fiechter,
  • Nate Kornell,
  • David R. Shanks,
  • Liang Luo,
  • Chunliang Yang

摘要

Repeatedly asking individuals to answer the same question can increase their confidence in response accuracy, even when it does not improve accuracy per se. Fiechter and Kornell (2021) proposed two theoretical explanations to account for this repeated questioning effect on confidence, namely a fluency hypothesis and a response-repetition hypothesis. Their results supported the response-repetition hypothesis by showing a mediation effect of response repetition in the relationship between repeated questioning and confidence. Meanwhile, their results did not support the fluency hypothesis by showing no mediation effect of trial-completion times. However, fluency can be defined in multiple ways. To further test the fluency hypothesis, the current study used the same experimental procedure as in Fiechter and Kornell (2021), but employed first-key latency as a measure of retrieval fluency. The results showed a reliable mediation effect of first-key latency. Consistent with Fiechter and Kornell (2021), there was also a reliable mediation effect of response repetition. The documented findings support the fluency and response-repetition hypotheses to jointly account for the repeated questioning effect.