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Purpose <p>This study aims to elucidate how aquatic biological disturbance drives the transformation of phosphorus and lead forms in paddy soils, thereby enhancing P uptake efficiency and reducing Pb accumulation in rice within a rice-aquaculture symbiosis system.</p> Methods <p>A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using a two‑factor design with eight treatments. Mechanical disturbance was applied to simulate bioturbation. The treatments included no fertilizer, excessive P application, and two Pb contamination levels (low and high Pb concentrations), combined with or without mechanical disturbance. After the experiment, soil P and Pb fractions, plant P and Pb contents, and soil microbial communities were analyzed, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.</p> Results <p>(1) Soil P and Pb fraction changes: Mechanical disturbance increased labile P fractions (resin-P, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>-P<sub>i</sub>) and transformed available Pb forms (weak acid‑extractable and reducible Pb) into more stable forms (oxidizable and residual Pb). (2) Plant uptake response: Disturbance enhanced P uptake in rice shoots (by 18.61% under low Pb conditions) while reducing Pb accumulation; notably, shoot Pb content was 73.11% higher under high Pb treatment than under low Pb treatment. (3) Microbial community changes: Disturbance increased bacterial diversity (Chao1 and ACE indices), with <i>Proteobacteria</i>, <i>Actinobacteria</i>, and <i>Firmicutes</i> as the dominant phyla. (4) Mechanistic modeling (SEM): Disturbance significantly promoted P uptake and reduced Pb accumulation by altering labile P and Pb fractions and modifying key soil properties (pH and soil organic carbon (SOC)).</p> Conclusion <p>Our findings demonstrate that mechanical disturbance simulating bioturbation effectively immobilizes Pb, increases P bioavailability, and shapes microbial communities in contaminated paddy soils. These results provide a direct mechanistic basis for mitigating Pb toxicity and improving P use efficiency, thereby supporting the development of green and sustainable synergistic technologies for rice-based agricultural systems.</p>

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Mechanic simulation of aquatic biodisturbation enhances phosphorus uptake and lead immobilization in paddy soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Hui Gao,
  • Qingnan Chu,
  • Jun Wang,
  • Detian Li,
  • Jin Zhou,
  • Wenya Hao,
  • Min Zhang,
  • Yumei Mao,
  • Linkui Cao,
  • Chengming Zhang,
  • Zhimin Sha

摘要

Purpose

This study aims to elucidate how aquatic biological disturbance drives the transformation of phosphorus and lead forms in paddy soils, thereby enhancing P uptake efficiency and reducing Pb accumulation in rice within a rice-aquaculture symbiosis system.

Methods

A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using a two‑factor design with eight treatments. Mechanical disturbance was applied to simulate bioturbation. The treatments included no fertilizer, excessive P application, and two Pb contamination levels (low and high Pb concentrations), combined with or without mechanical disturbance. After the experiment, soil P and Pb fractions, plant P and Pb contents, and soil microbial communities were analyzed, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Results

(1) Soil P and Pb fraction changes: Mechanical disturbance increased labile P fractions (resin-P, NaHCO3-Pi) and transformed available Pb forms (weak acid‑extractable and reducible Pb) into more stable forms (oxidizable and residual Pb). (2) Plant uptake response: Disturbance enhanced P uptake in rice shoots (by 18.61% under low Pb conditions) while reducing Pb accumulation; notably, shoot Pb content was 73.11% higher under high Pb treatment than under low Pb treatment. (3) Microbial community changes: Disturbance increased bacterial diversity (Chao1 and ACE indices), with Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes as the dominant phyla. (4) Mechanistic modeling (SEM): Disturbance significantly promoted P uptake and reduced Pb accumulation by altering labile P and Pb fractions and modifying key soil properties (pH and soil organic carbon (SOC)).

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate that mechanical disturbance simulating bioturbation effectively immobilizes Pb, increases P bioavailability, and shapes microbial communities in contaminated paddy soils. These results provide a direct mechanistic basis for mitigating Pb toxicity and improving P use efficiency, thereby supporting the development of green and sustainable synergistic technologies for rice-based agricultural systems.