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Purpose <p>Replacing nitrogen (N) chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer is a key method for chemical fertilizer reduction, yet the phosphorus (P) related effects of organic fertilizer applied on P fractions and P loss risk remain unclear.</p> Materials and methods <p>A 3-year field experiment was conducted in rice-rapeseed rotation system to evaluate the effects of partial organic substitution for chemical fertilizer on crop yields, soil P fractions, P utilization and P loss risk. The eight treatments were used: no fertilization (CK); chemical fertilization (OP); the OP + M series (OP+M15, OP+M30, and OP+M50), in which 15%, 30%, and 50% of chemical N fertilizer were replaced by organic fertilizer and P and potassium (K) were supplemented; and the OP + N series (OP+N15, OP+N30, and OP+N50), in which 15%, 30%, and 50% of chemical N fertilizer were replaced by organic fertilizer while P and K inputs remained consistent with the OP treatment.</p> Results and discussion <p>Substituting 15% of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer maintained the rapeseed yield. Notably, all organic substitution rates maintained the rice yield, which was highest following OP+M50. By contrast, OP+M15 resulted in the highest P uptake and P recovery efficiency (PRE 34.86%). P surplus was detected for all fertilizer treatments of rapeseed. For rice, P surplus increased, yet PRE decreased as the fertilizer substitution rate increased, although it remained higher than the PRE of rapeseed. Available P (AP) and CaCl<sub>2</sub>-P content increased as the fertilizer substitution rate increased. Random Forest and PLS-PM analyses revealed that the regulatory effects of labile and unstable P fractions, sorption parameters, and P surplus on the AP and CaCl₂-P contents. The organic fertilizers enhanced P fractions and AP contents better than chemical fertilizers. The OP + M series outperformed the OP + N series in terms of their positive effects on soil P surplus and the P loss risk.</p> Conclusion <p>To optimize crop yield and P balance, it is recommended that organic fertilizer replace chemical fertilizer by 15% in rapeseed growing season. During rice growing season, it is more suitable to replace 50% of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizer for the short term (about 3 years), yet for the long term, it is recommended to replace 15% of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers in rice-rapeseed cropping system.</p>

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Short-term organic fertilizer substitution: effects on crop yield and soil phosphorus dynamics in a rice-rapeseed rotation system

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Hui Wang,
  • Wenlong Cheng,
  • Shang Han,
  • Shan Tang,
  • Fahui Jiang,
  • Rongyan Bu,
  • Min Li,
  • Rui Zhu,
  • Mengmeng Tang,
  • Zhenghua Xu,
  • Ji Wu

摘要

Purpose

Replacing nitrogen (N) chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer is a key method for chemical fertilizer reduction, yet the phosphorus (P) related effects of organic fertilizer applied on P fractions and P loss risk remain unclear.

Materials and methods

A 3-year field experiment was conducted in rice-rapeseed rotation system to evaluate the effects of partial organic substitution for chemical fertilizer on crop yields, soil P fractions, P utilization and P loss risk. The eight treatments were used: no fertilization (CK); chemical fertilization (OP); the OP + M series (OP+M15, OP+M30, and OP+M50), in which 15%, 30%, and 50% of chemical N fertilizer were replaced by organic fertilizer and P and potassium (K) were supplemented; and the OP + N series (OP+N15, OP+N30, and OP+N50), in which 15%, 30%, and 50% of chemical N fertilizer were replaced by organic fertilizer while P and K inputs remained consistent with the OP treatment.

Results and discussion

Substituting 15% of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer maintained the rapeseed yield. Notably, all organic substitution rates maintained the rice yield, which was highest following OP+M50. By contrast, OP+M15 resulted in the highest P uptake and P recovery efficiency (PRE 34.86%). P surplus was detected for all fertilizer treatments of rapeseed. For rice, P surplus increased, yet PRE decreased as the fertilizer substitution rate increased, although it remained higher than the PRE of rapeseed. Available P (AP) and CaCl2-P content increased as the fertilizer substitution rate increased. Random Forest and PLS-PM analyses revealed that the regulatory effects of labile and unstable P fractions, sorption parameters, and P surplus on the AP and CaCl₂-P contents. The organic fertilizers enhanced P fractions and AP contents better than chemical fertilizers. The OP + M series outperformed the OP + N series in terms of their positive effects on soil P surplus and the P loss risk.

Conclusion

To optimize crop yield and P balance, it is recommended that organic fertilizer replace chemical fertilizer by 15% in rapeseed growing season. During rice growing season, it is more suitable to replace 50% of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizer for the short term (about 3 years), yet for the long term, it is recommended to replace 15% of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers in rice-rapeseed cropping system.