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Purpose <p>Cadmium (Cd) contamination in paddy soils poses a persistent threat to rice production and food safety. Three amendment treatments (nFe, BC, and nFe+BC) were applied in a Cd-contaminated paddy soil system to evaluate their effects on rhizosphere processes, thereby influencing Cd uptake and tissue partitioning in rice.</p> Materials and methods <p>A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with four treatments (CK, nFe, BC, and nFe+BC). Rice growth and Cd concentrations in plant tissues were measured, along with Fe, Mn, and Cd contents in root iron plaque. Soil properties were also analyzed, including pH, DTPA-extractable Cd, Cd fractionation (F1–F4), and enzyme activities. Bacterial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Network analysis, correlation analysis, Mantel tests, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were integrated to link environmental variables, microbial characteristics, and Cd dynamics, and to explore potential regulatory mechanisms.</p> Results and discussion <p>Relative to CK, the nFe+BC treatment showed the strongest mitigation effect, significantly reducing grain Cd concentrations and DTPA-extractable Cd (p &lt; 0.05). Cadmium shifted from labile to more stable fractions, indicating reduced bioavailability. These changes were accompanied by enhanced root iron plaque formation and rhizosphere microbial community reassembly, as reflected by increased network modularity. Structural equation modeling (SEM) further revealed that iron plaque Fe (IFe) was positively associated with microbial diversity but negatively associated with DTPA-Cd (p &lt; 0.05), whereas DTPA-Cd showed the strongest positive association with grain Cd. Together, these results suggest an indirect linkage among plaque Fe, microbial diversity, and bioavailable Cd.</p> Conclusions <p>The co-application of nFe and BC synergistically improved the rhizosphere environment by enhancing root iron plaque formation and increasing microbial diversity and soil enzyme activities, thereby reducing Cd bioavailability and limiting Cd accumulation in rice grains. These findings provide evidence supporting the combined use of iron-based nanomaterials and bacterial cellulose as a practical strategy for improving rice safety in Cd-contaminated paddy fields.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Co-application of nZVI and bacterial cellulose reduces cadmium accumulation in rice grains by enhancing iron plaque formation and microbial stabilization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Xiaoshuang You,
  • Yuheng Qiu,
  • Guirong Huang,
  • Guofei Pan,
  • Shirui Peng,
  • Lei Huang,
  • Qibang Tao,
  • Yijun Liao,
  • Wenli Tu,
  • Yanyan Wei

摘要

Purpose

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in paddy soils poses a persistent threat to rice production and food safety. Three amendment treatments (nFe, BC, and nFe+BC) were applied in a Cd-contaminated paddy soil system to evaluate their effects on rhizosphere processes, thereby influencing Cd uptake and tissue partitioning in rice.

Materials and methods

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with four treatments (CK, nFe, BC, and nFe+BC). Rice growth and Cd concentrations in plant tissues were measured, along with Fe, Mn, and Cd contents in root iron plaque. Soil properties were also analyzed, including pH, DTPA-extractable Cd, Cd fractionation (F1–F4), and enzyme activities. Bacterial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Network analysis, correlation analysis, Mantel tests, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were integrated to link environmental variables, microbial characteristics, and Cd dynamics, and to explore potential regulatory mechanisms.

Results and discussion

Relative to CK, the nFe+BC treatment showed the strongest mitigation effect, significantly reducing grain Cd concentrations and DTPA-extractable Cd (p < 0.05). Cadmium shifted from labile to more stable fractions, indicating reduced bioavailability. These changes were accompanied by enhanced root iron plaque formation and rhizosphere microbial community reassembly, as reflected by increased network modularity. Structural equation modeling (SEM) further revealed that iron plaque Fe (IFe) was positively associated with microbial diversity but negatively associated with DTPA-Cd (p < 0.05), whereas DTPA-Cd showed the strongest positive association with grain Cd. Together, these results suggest an indirect linkage among plaque Fe, microbial diversity, and bioavailable Cd.

Conclusions

The co-application of nFe and BC synergistically improved the rhizosphere environment by enhancing root iron plaque formation and increasing microbial diversity and soil enzyme activities, thereby reducing Cd bioavailability and limiting Cd accumulation in rice grains. These findings provide evidence supporting the combined use of iron-based nanomaterials and bacterial cellulose as a practical strategy for improving rice safety in Cd-contaminated paddy fields.

Graphical abstract