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Purpose <p>Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination in the Yellow River Basin’s farmland poses increasing environmental risks, however, the lack of integrated studies at the county level hinders effective management and remediation efforts.</p> Method <p>116 topsoil samples were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As using the geo-accumulation index (I<sub>geo</sub>), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk index (RI), and health risk assessment (HRA) models. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) and principal component analysis-absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression (PCA-APCS-MLR) were applied for source apportionment.</p> Results <p>Mean Cd concentration (0.23&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>) was 2.3 times the background level, identified as the primary ecological threat (I<sub>geo</sub> class one-two, PLI = 2.65), particularly in the northeastern region. Crucially, the health risk assessment revealed that Cr poses a significant non-carcinogenic risk to children (HI = 3.47), while both Cr and As present unacceptable carcinogenic risks (CR &gt; 10<sup>−4</sup>) for children and adults via oral ingestion. The positive matrix factorization provided more accurate source apportionment (R<sup>2</sup>: 0.97–0.99) than PCA-APCS-MLR, identifying five contributors. High Cd accumulation was primarily attributed to intensive farming and industrial emissions.</p> Conclusion <p>While Cd is the dominant ecological pollutant, Cr and As are the primary drivers of human health concerns. Human activities, particularly agricultural and industrial outputs, are responsible for soil degradation. Targeted management of these specific sources is essential to mitigate both ecological and public health risks.</p>

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Potentially toxic element accumulation in agricultural Soils of Fengqiu County, China: a multi-method approach to pollution assessment and source apportionment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月21日

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  • Yifan Guan,
  • Shunyao Zhuang,
  • Zhaohong Tong

摘要

Purpose

Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination in the Yellow River Basin’s farmland poses increasing environmental risks, however, the lack of integrated studies at the county level hinders effective management and remediation efforts.

Method

116 topsoil samples were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As using the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk index (RI), and health risk assessment (HRA) models. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) and principal component analysis-absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression (PCA-APCS-MLR) were applied for source apportionment.

Results

Mean Cd concentration (0.23 mg kg−1) was 2.3 times the background level, identified as the primary ecological threat (Igeo class one-two, PLI = 2.65), particularly in the northeastern region. Crucially, the health risk assessment revealed that Cr poses a significant non-carcinogenic risk to children (HI = 3.47), while both Cr and As present unacceptable carcinogenic risks (CR > 10−4) for children and adults via oral ingestion. The positive matrix factorization provided more accurate source apportionment (R2: 0.97–0.99) than PCA-APCS-MLR, identifying five contributors. High Cd accumulation was primarily attributed to intensive farming and industrial emissions.

Conclusion

While Cd is the dominant ecological pollutant, Cr and As are the primary drivers of human health concerns. Human activities, particularly agricultural and industrial outputs, are responsible for soil degradation. Targeted management of these specific sources is essential to mitigate both ecological and public health risks.