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Purpose <p>Long-lasting emissions from copper smelters caused accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), in particular Cu, Pb, Zn and As in soils. After reducing the emissions in the 1990s, immobilization was applied as remediation strategy, for which soils were limed and the area was planted with trees. Several studies were conducted on related effects in mineral soils, but little attention was paid to wetland soils.</p> Methods <p>Four profiles representative of the 9-ha wetland located near copper smelter Legnica, Poland, were analyzed. Total and extractable PTEs were determined. Soil phytotoxicity was determined based on Phytotox test. </p> Results <p>Soil profiles represented Histosols and Gleysols. Topsoils contained large concentrations of Cu, Pb and As, up to 20,500, 7050 and 494&#xa0;mg/kg, respectively, that exhibited high potential solubility (measured in the extraction of 0.43&#xa0;M HNO<sub>3</sub>). Actual solubility of PTEs, measured in extractions with 1&#xa0;M NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> and 0.01&#xa0;M CaCl<sub>2</sub> differed, but it was generally very low (&lt; 1% of the total content). The concentrations of PTEs in water extracts met the requirements for class IV of groundwater quality, except for topsoil in the most contaminated site that had a relatively low pH (4.91). The aqueous extract from this sample showed very high phytotoxicity, while the toxicity of other samples was negligible.</p> Conclusions <p>In spite of high concentrations of Cu, Pb and As in top layers of wetland soils, their solubility and phytotoxicity were low except for the samples with low pH. A real environmental risk should be considered acceptable, however the area should be limed regularly to maintain a neutral soil pH.</p>

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Extractability and phytotoxicity of potentially toxic elements in the wetland soils affected by a copper smelter

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Adam Bogacz,
  • Agnieszka Dradrach,
  • Anna Karczewska,
  • Bahar Makbule Temeltürk

摘要

Purpose

Long-lasting emissions from copper smelters caused accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), in particular Cu, Pb, Zn and As in soils. After reducing the emissions in the 1990s, immobilization was applied as remediation strategy, for which soils were limed and the area was planted with trees. Several studies were conducted on related effects in mineral soils, but little attention was paid to wetland soils.

Methods

Four profiles representative of the 9-ha wetland located near copper smelter Legnica, Poland, were analyzed. Total and extractable PTEs were determined. Soil phytotoxicity was determined based on Phytotox test.

Results

Soil profiles represented Histosols and Gleysols. Topsoils contained large concentrations of Cu, Pb and As, up to 20,500, 7050 and 494 mg/kg, respectively, that exhibited high potential solubility (measured in the extraction of 0.43 M HNO3). Actual solubility of PTEs, measured in extractions with 1 M NH4NO3 and 0.01 M CaCl2 differed, but it was generally very low (< 1% of the total content). The concentrations of PTEs in water extracts met the requirements for class IV of groundwater quality, except for topsoil in the most contaminated site that had a relatively low pH (4.91). The aqueous extract from this sample showed very high phytotoxicity, while the toxicity of other samples was negligible.

Conclusions

In spite of high concentrations of Cu, Pb and As in top layers of wetland soils, their solubility and phytotoxicity were low except for the samples with low pH. A real environmental risk should be considered acceptable, however the area should be limed regularly to maintain a neutral soil pH.