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Purpose <p>The safe utilization of soils contaminated with cadmium (Cd) is a global concern. This research aims to investigate the effects of soil applications of an inorganic amendment (CaMgP), humic acid, and their combinations on the growth of Artemisia argyi (<i>A. argyi</i>), as well as on the cadmium (Cd) concentrations, composition, and antibacterial properties of essential oils (EOs) extracted from <i>A. argyi</i> leaves grown in Cd-contaminated soils.</p> Materials and methods <p>The field experiment was conducted in Qichun City, Hubei Province, China, where agricultural soil was contaminated with Cd from smelting wastewater. Three sites with increasing Cd concentrations (0.67, 2.45, and 8.78 mg kg⁻¹) were designated as S1, S2, and S3, respectively. At site S3, six amendment treatments were applied, including CaMgP at 500 and 1000 kg hm⁻², organic fertilizer at 7500 and 15,000 kg hm⁻², and their combinations. CaMgP and organic fertilizer were selected for their Cd immobilization capacity and their ability to promote the growth of <i>A. argyi</i>. Nine treatments, each with three replicates measuring 3 m × 2 m, were established. <i>A. argyi</i> seedlings were transplanted on 5 February 2023. Standard agronomic practices were followed throughout the experiment.</p> Results and discussion <p>Soil Cd concentrations (0.67–8.78 mg kg⁻1) had no significant effect on <i>A. argyi</i> growth but markedly increased leaf Cd content and EOs yields by 1.7–9.0 and 1.3–1.5 times, respectively. No Cd was detected in any of the EOs, suggesting low health risks for cultivation at soil Cd levels below 8.78 mg kg⁻1. Amendments with CaMgP, humic acid, and their mixtures significantly enhanced leaf yields by 8.31–53.23% and EOs yields by 13.35–105.08%. The composition of EOs was altered, with increases in α-cadinol (0.7–1.7%) and caryophyllene (18–23%) and decreases in trimethylbicyclo (3.0–3.8%) and thujone (29–38%). Antibacterial activities of EOs increased with Cd exposure but declined after amendment application, reducing inhibition against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and Escherichia coli (<i>E. coli</i>) by up to 22.3% and 9.3%, respectively.</p> Conclusion <p><i>A. argyi</i> growth was unaffected in soils with cadmium (Cd) concentrations up to 8.78 mg kg⁻1. Soil amendments effectively reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and enhanced the EOs yield and quality. The EOs contained negligible Cd levels, indicating a low health risk. Amendment-induced changes in EOs composition altered antibacterial activity against <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli</i>, reflecting improved soil remediation, crop safety, and economic benefits.</p>

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Effects of cadmium-contaminated soil applied with calcium magnesium phosphate (CaMgP) and humic acid on the plant growth, essential oils (EOs) composition and antibacterial activity of Artemisia argyi

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Tianyi Wu,
  • Buyun Du,
  • Jing Zhou,
  • Jun Zhou

摘要

Purpose

The safe utilization of soils contaminated with cadmium (Cd) is a global concern. This research aims to investigate the effects of soil applications of an inorganic amendment (CaMgP), humic acid, and their combinations on the growth of Artemisia argyi (A. argyi), as well as on the cadmium (Cd) concentrations, composition, and antibacterial properties of essential oils (EOs) extracted from A. argyi leaves grown in Cd-contaminated soils.

Materials and methods

The field experiment was conducted in Qichun City, Hubei Province, China, where agricultural soil was contaminated with Cd from smelting wastewater. Three sites with increasing Cd concentrations (0.67, 2.45, and 8.78 mg kg⁻¹) were designated as S1, S2, and S3, respectively. At site S3, six amendment treatments were applied, including CaMgP at 500 and 1000 kg hm⁻², organic fertilizer at 7500 and 15,000 kg hm⁻², and their combinations. CaMgP and organic fertilizer were selected for their Cd immobilization capacity and their ability to promote the growth of A. argyi. Nine treatments, each with three replicates measuring 3 m × 2 m, were established. A. argyi seedlings were transplanted on 5 February 2023. Standard agronomic practices were followed throughout the experiment.

Results and discussion

Soil Cd concentrations (0.67–8.78 mg kg⁻1) had no significant effect on A. argyi growth but markedly increased leaf Cd content and EOs yields by 1.7–9.0 and 1.3–1.5 times, respectively. No Cd was detected in any of the EOs, suggesting low health risks for cultivation at soil Cd levels below 8.78 mg kg⁻1. Amendments with CaMgP, humic acid, and their mixtures significantly enhanced leaf yields by 8.31–53.23% and EOs yields by 13.35–105.08%. The composition of EOs was altered, with increases in α-cadinol (0.7–1.7%) and caryophyllene (18–23%) and decreases in trimethylbicyclo (3.0–3.8%) and thujone (29–38%). Antibacterial activities of EOs increased with Cd exposure but declined after amendment application, reducing inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) by up to 22.3% and 9.3%, respectively.

Conclusion

A. argyi growth was unaffected in soils with cadmium (Cd) concentrations up to 8.78 mg kg⁻1. Soil amendments effectively reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and enhanced the EOs yield and quality. The EOs contained negligible Cd levels, indicating a low health risk. Amendment-induced changes in EOs composition altered antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, reflecting improved soil remediation, crop safety, and economic benefits.