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Purpose <p>This study aims to investigate the correlation between electrical resistivity and key parameters of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP)-treated heavy metal-contaminated soils, and to establish a predictive model for heavy metal immobilization efficiency. The research focuses on resolving how calcium carbonate content, porosity, saturation, and heavy metal content jointly influence soil resistivity, and how resistivity can serve as a non-destructive indicator for rapid evaluation of MICP remediation effectiveness.</p> Materials and methods <p>Soil samples contaminated with heavy metals were solidified using MICP technology. Electrical resistivity was measured under varying saturation and porosity conditions. Calcium carbonate content was quantified through acid digestion, while heavy metal concentrations were chemically analyzed. Path analysis was employed to evaluate the nonlinear relationships between resistivity and the aforementioned parameters. A modified Archie’s formula was derived by integrating calcium carbonate content, porosity, saturation, and heavy metal content to characterize the resistivity of solidified soil. Statistical methods were applied to verify the reliability of the model in predicting heavy metal immobilization rates based on resistivity measurements.</p> Results and discussion <p>Soil resistivity in MICP-treated soil is governed by coupled effects of carbonate content, porosity, saturation, and heavy metal content. Path analysis revealed saturation and porosity as dominant direct controllers, with heavy metal/carbonate contributions mediated indirectly. A confirmed nonlinear resistivity-immobilization relationship enables resistivity as a remediation efficiency predictor. Our modified Archie’s model incorporating these parameters permits rapid, non-destructive remediation assessment. This establishes resistivity measurement as a practical field tool for real-time MICP remediation monitoring, addressing critical needs for cost-effective environmental engineering solutions.</p> Conclusions <p>The study establishes a quantitative link between soil resistivity and MICP remediation parameters, proposing a modified Archie’s formula for predicting heavy metal immobilization. This approach correlates resistivity with calcium carbonate content, porosity, saturation, and contaminant levels, providing a novel non-destructive method for evaluating soil solidification efficiency. These results advance the application of MICP technology in heavy metal remediation, offering a reliable field-monitoring tool to optimize bioremediation strategies and support sustainable environmental management.</p>

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Evaluation and prediction of electrical resistivity of MICP solidified heavy metal polluted soil considering multiple influencing factors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • Runkai Wang,
  • Bo Kang,
  • Fusheng Zha,
  • Zhilong Yang,
  • Hongxin Chen

摘要

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the correlation between electrical resistivity and key parameters of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP)-treated heavy metal-contaminated soils, and to establish a predictive model for heavy metal immobilization efficiency. The research focuses on resolving how calcium carbonate content, porosity, saturation, and heavy metal content jointly influence soil resistivity, and how resistivity can serve as a non-destructive indicator for rapid evaluation of MICP remediation effectiveness.

Materials and methods

Soil samples contaminated with heavy metals were solidified using MICP technology. Electrical resistivity was measured under varying saturation and porosity conditions. Calcium carbonate content was quantified through acid digestion, while heavy metal concentrations were chemically analyzed. Path analysis was employed to evaluate the nonlinear relationships between resistivity and the aforementioned parameters. A modified Archie’s formula was derived by integrating calcium carbonate content, porosity, saturation, and heavy metal content to characterize the resistivity of solidified soil. Statistical methods were applied to verify the reliability of the model in predicting heavy metal immobilization rates based on resistivity measurements.

Results and discussion

Soil resistivity in MICP-treated soil is governed by coupled effects of carbonate content, porosity, saturation, and heavy metal content. Path analysis revealed saturation and porosity as dominant direct controllers, with heavy metal/carbonate contributions mediated indirectly. A confirmed nonlinear resistivity-immobilization relationship enables resistivity as a remediation efficiency predictor. Our modified Archie’s model incorporating these parameters permits rapid, non-destructive remediation assessment. This establishes resistivity measurement as a practical field tool for real-time MICP remediation monitoring, addressing critical needs for cost-effective environmental engineering solutions.

Conclusions

The study establishes a quantitative link between soil resistivity and MICP remediation parameters, proposing a modified Archie’s formula for predicting heavy metal immobilization. This approach correlates resistivity with calcium carbonate content, porosity, saturation, and contaminant levels, providing a novel non-destructive method for evaluating soil solidification efficiency. These results advance the application of MICP technology in heavy metal remediation, offering a reliable field-monitoring tool to optimize bioremediation strategies and support sustainable environmental management.