Purpose <p>Agricultural soils in northern Mexico’s arid and semi-arid regions often suffer low fertility. Furthermore, the overuse of synthetic fertilizers resulting from human activities has negatively impacted soil health, thus hindering sustainable cultivation. Organic fertilizers based on structured compounds such as chitosan-alginate and chitosan-maltodextrin have emerged as environmentally friendly alternatives that can enhance soil conditions and support improved agricultural productivity.</p> Methods <p>The study evaluated the impact of foliar application of chitosan-alginate and chitosan-maltodextrin compounds on the morphology, yield, and fruit quality of Anaheim chili peppers. Treatments included supplemental applications at 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm. Additionally, the control group (untreated plants) was considered.</p> Results <p>The results indicated that, unlike the control group, the structured composites had a significant influence on most of the evaluated parameters. However, within the concentrations, chitosan-maltodextrin at 1000 and 2000 ppm were the treatments that generally had a positive effect on fruit width and length, the number of fruits, and total yield.</p> Conclusions <p>Chitosan-maltodextrin and chitosan-alginate structured composites have proven to be a promising agroecological approach for enhancing plant growth, fruit quality, and yield of Anaheim chili in arid regions of northern Mexico. Although this is the first study involving this specific chili variety, future investigations should focus on assessing enzymatic activity and mineral absorption in the stems, leaves, and fruits of this chili variety.</p>