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Purpose <p>The legacy effects of historical different fertilization on the crop growth under heavy metal contamination are less studied, and the behind soil bacterial mechanisms remain unclear.</p> Materials and methods <p>The long-term (thirty years) different fertilized soils (chemical fertilizer alone, CF; organic manure alone, OM) were collected to perform a controlled pot experiment with CuSO<sub>4</sub> exposure, we determined soil enzymatic activities, bacterial communities (abundance, structure, composition, and diversity), and rice plant growth.</p> Results and discussion <p>OM-history soils exhibited superior functional stability under Cu stress, sustaining 44.40% higher soil respiration and 18.24% greater rice gross primary productivity compared to CF-history soils on day 60 after Cu addition (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Organic legacy enhanced enzymatic activities, with urease, catalase, and nitrate reductase activities in OM soils exceeding those in CF soils by 1.13–2.17-fold under Cu exposure. Bacterial communities in OM soils maintained higher alpha diversity (Chao1 index: average increase of 2.14%) and abundance (81.50%) than CF soils at both 20 and 60&#xa0;days post-Cu addition. Redundancy analysis (RDA) identified&#xa0;pH, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, organic carbon, and soluble Cu as key divers shaping bacterial structure. Critically, OM-history soils demonstrated higher enzymatic and bacterial community resistance during Cu stress. Random forest identified bacterial abundance resistance and catalase resistance as pivotal predictors of rice productivity under Cu exposure. These findings demonstrate that organic fertilization enhances soil bacterial resistance through carbon enrichment and nutrient retention, establishing a mechanistic link between OM-driven bacterial resistance and crop performance.</p> Conclusions <p>These results underscore that long-term organic fertilization confers enduring legacy effects by strengthening soil bacterial and enzymatic resistance, thereby buffering Cu-induced disruptions and safeguarding rice productivity.</p>

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Legacy effects of three decades of past organic fertilization improve rice primary productivity via enhancing soil enzymatic and bacterial resistance under copper stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月5日

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  • Keyi Zhang,
  • Wangying Ding,
  • Shuoshuo Wu,
  • Guixin Chu,
  • Baowei Hu,
  • Rui Tao

摘要

Purpose

The legacy effects of historical different fertilization on the crop growth under heavy metal contamination are less studied, and the behind soil bacterial mechanisms remain unclear.

Materials and methods

The long-term (thirty years) different fertilized soils (chemical fertilizer alone, CF; organic manure alone, OM) were collected to perform a controlled pot experiment with CuSO4 exposure, we determined soil enzymatic activities, bacterial communities (abundance, structure, composition, and diversity), and rice plant growth.

Results and discussion

OM-history soils exhibited superior functional stability under Cu stress, sustaining 44.40% higher soil respiration and 18.24% greater rice gross primary productivity compared to CF-history soils on day 60 after Cu addition (P < 0.05). Organic legacy enhanced enzymatic activities, with urease, catalase, and nitrate reductase activities in OM soils exceeding those in CF soils by 1.13–2.17-fold under Cu exposure. Bacterial communities in OM soils maintained higher alpha diversity (Chao1 index: average increase of 2.14%) and abundance (81.50%) than CF soils at both 20 and 60 days post-Cu addition. Redundancy analysis (RDA) identified pH, NH4+, organic carbon, and soluble Cu as key divers shaping bacterial structure. Critically, OM-history soils demonstrated higher enzymatic and bacterial community resistance during Cu stress. Random forest identified bacterial abundance resistance and catalase resistance as pivotal predictors of rice productivity under Cu exposure. These findings demonstrate that organic fertilization enhances soil bacterial resistance through carbon enrichment and nutrient retention, establishing a mechanistic link between OM-driven bacterial resistance and crop performance.

Conclusions

These results underscore that long-term organic fertilization confers enduring legacy effects by strengthening soil bacterial and enzymatic resistance, thereby buffering Cu-induced disruptions and safeguarding rice productivity.