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Purpose <p>Sulfur transformation plays a vital role in sulfur nutrition and metals bioavailability. However, it remains unclear for organic amendments (OAs) and sulfate addition to impact sulfur transformation involving organic sulfur (Org-S), available sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>), and reduced inorganic sulfides (RIS) in waterlogged soil.</p> Materials and methods <p>A 120-day soil incubation was conducted to investigate the impact of OAs (wheat straw and pine needle) and sulfate addition on sulfur dynamics in waterlogged soil.</p> Results and discussion <p>The application of wheat straw with a higher C/S ratio increased soil Org-S at the early stage, while pine needles with a lower C/S ratio decreased it. Applying OAs, irrespective of sulfate addition, increased Org-S at the middle stage but reduced it at the later stage due to re-mineralization to meet microbial demand, especially wheat straw application. Applying OAs decreased soil SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> by immobilizing SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> to Org-S at the middle stage and by reducing SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> to RIS at the middle-later stage, especially in wheat straw application. Microbial succession driven by OAs from oxidizing to reducing microbial communities indicated a shift from oxidative to reductive processes. Consequently, applying OAs promoted RIS formation at the middle-later stages because the reduction of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup>⁻ by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) outweighed the oxidation of RIS by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and iron-oxidizing bacteria under low pε + pH conditions. Wheat straw application was more effective than pine needles in promoting RIS formation at the middle-later stages due to its higher organic carbon availability, which supported greater predicted SRB and FeRB abundance. Moreover, sulfate addition, especially in combination with OAs, decreased Org-S content but increased SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup>⁻ and RIS formation by promoting predicted SRB abundance during incubation.</p> Conclusion <p>Therefore, incorporating wheat straw and sulfate is an effective strategy to simultaneously enhance sulfur nutrition and promote the formation of RIS in paddy soils, especially FeS<sub>2</sub>.</p>

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Effect of organic amendments and sulfur supply on microbial-driven sulfur transformation in paddy soil under waterlogging conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月26日

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  • Yanhua Qiu,
  • Xianlin Ke,
  • Mingming Tao,
  • Yifei Li,
  • Zhengyi Hu

摘要

Purpose

Sulfur transformation plays a vital role in sulfur nutrition and metals bioavailability. However, it remains unclear for organic amendments (OAs) and sulfate addition to impact sulfur transformation involving organic sulfur (Org-S), available sulfate (SO42−), and reduced inorganic sulfides (RIS) in waterlogged soil.

Materials and methods

A 120-day soil incubation was conducted to investigate the impact of OAs (wheat straw and pine needle) and sulfate addition on sulfur dynamics in waterlogged soil.

Results and discussion

The application of wheat straw with a higher C/S ratio increased soil Org-S at the early stage, while pine needles with a lower C/S ratio decreased it. Applying OAs, irrespective of sulfate addition, increased Org-S at the middle stage but reduced it at the later stage due to re-mineralization to meet microbial demand, especially wheat straw application. Applying OAs decreased soil SO42− by immobilizing SO42− to Org-S at the middle stage and by reducing SO42− to RIS at the middle-later stage, especially in wheat straw application. Microbial succession driven by OAs from oxidizing to reducing microbial communities indicated a shift from oxidative to reductive processes. Consequently, applying OAs promoted RIS formation at the middle-later stages because the reduction of SO42⁻ by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) outweighed the oxidation of RIS by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and iron-oxidizing bacteria under low pε + pH conditions. Wheat straw application was more effective than pine needles in promoting RIS formation at the middle-later stages due to its higher organic carbon availability, which supported greater predicted SRB and FeRB abundance. Moreover, sulfate addition, especially in combination with OAs, decreased Org-S content but increased SO42⁻ and RIS formation by promoting predicted SRB abundance during incubation.

Conclusion

Therefore, incorporating wheat straw and sulfate is an effective strategy to simultaneously enhance sulfur nutrition and promote the formation of RIS in paddy soils, especially FeS2.