The perception of effort as a driver of gender inequality: institutional and social insights for female entrepreneurship

This study investigates how institutional frameworks and social comparisons shape perceptions of gender inequality, focusing on the role of perceived effort. Using data from a national survey on gender inequality in Spain, we explore how historical perspectives and contemporary perceptions converge to influence the belief that women must exert more effort than men to achieve the same level of competence. The findings indicate that this perception persists, despite advancements in equality policies. The study makes a significant contribution by identifying “perceived effort” as a key driver of gender inequality, both in corporate and entrepreneurial settings. These results provide practical insights for public policy, highlighting the need for targeted interventions that address not only structural disparities but also deeply ingrained social perceptions.