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<p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent and ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Nevertheless, their release from historically contaminated soils remains poorly understood, particularly for fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTS) and long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA). This study compares release behavior in two soils impacted by different pollution sources: aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) use and textile factory. PFAS concentrations in the two soils showed distinct source signatures: soil 1 was dominated by 6:2 FTS, 8:2 FTS, and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), whereas soil 2 contained mainly long-chain PFCA. Batch desorption tests showed that equilibrium was reached within 1&#xa0;h for all targeted PFAS. Long-chain PFCA (C9–C11), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA), and FTS displayed low release percentages in both soils, indicating stronger retention driven by carbon chain length and functional group chemistry, while short-chain PFCA (C4–C7) were fully released. Release differences were primarily controlled by soil properties. Soil–water partitioning coefficients (K<sub>d</sub>) and organic carbon-normalized (K<sub>oc</sub>) coefficients confirmed these trends. Higher K<sub>d</sub> into soil 2 reflects stronger retention associated with its higher organic matter content compared to soil 1. Nevertheless, log K<sub>oc</sub> values ranging from 2 to 4 indicate that these PFAS were mobile to very mobile in this soil, according to the German Environment Agency PMT criteria, suggesting potential for extended groundwater plumes and impacts on sensitive receptors.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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PFAS release from historically polluted soils: a focus on fluorotelomer sulfonates and long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Lamyae El-Mrabet,
  • Julien Michel-Malfait,
  • Sophie Dorge,
  • Justin Fournier,
  • Gwenaëlle Trouvé

摘要

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent and ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Nevertheless, their release from historically contaminated soils remains poorly understood, particularly for fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTS) and long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA). This study compares release behavior in two soils impacted by different pollution sources: aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) use and textile factory. PFAS concentrations in the two soils showed distinct source signatures: soil 1 was dominated by 6:2 FTS, 8:2 FTS, and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), whereas soil 2 contained mainly long-chain PFCA. Batch desorption tests showed that equilibrium was reached within 1 h for all targeted PFAS. Long-chain PFCA (C9–C11), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA), and FTS displayed low release percentages in both soils, indicating stronger retention driven by carbon chain length and functional group chemistry, while short-chain PFCA (C4–C7) were fully released. Release differences were primarily controlled by soil properties. Soil–water partitioning coefficients (Kd) and organic carbon-normalized (Koc) coefficients confirmed these trends. Higher Kd into soil 2 reflects stronger retention associated with its higher organic matter content compared to soil 1. Nevertheless, log Koc values ranging from 2 to 4 indicate that these PFAS were mobile to very mobile in this soil, according to the German Environment Agency PMT criteria, suggesting potential for extended groundwater plumes and impacts on sensitive receptors.

Graphical abstract