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<p>Antibiotic contamination demands efficient remediation technologies. Although three-dimensional Electro-Fenton (3D-EF) systems show promise, conventional granular electrodes suffer from rapid deactivation and poor conductivity. Herein, we report a ternary Fe–Mn composite granular electrode for tetracycline (TC) degradation. The electrode integrates three synergistic functionalities: (i) iron-manganese oxides as the primary active phase, where Fe–Mn redox synergy accelerates Fe(II) regeneration; (ii) silica incorporation to fortify the oxide layer and enhance structural stability; and (iii) conductive carbon black doping to improve electrical conductivity and electron transfer. The system achieved 95% TC removal within 120&#xa0;min. Characterization confirmed the structural and electrochemical advantages, while mechanistic studies identified singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O₂) as the dominant reactive species. This work provides a durable, high-performance granular electrode for practical 3D-EF treatment of antibiotic pollutants.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Silica‑assisted Fe–Mn bimetallic oxide/conductive carbon black composite in 3D electro‑Fenton system for degradation of tetracycline

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Yuchao Zhang,
  • Xiaodong Si,
  • Jiemin Xue,
  • Lili Gao,
  • Xuelian Li,
  • Kai Qi

摘要

Antibiotic contamination demands efficient remediation technologies. Although three-dimensional Electro-Fenton (3D-EF) systems show promise, conventional granular electrodes suffer from rapid deactivation and poor conductivity. Herein, we report a ternary Fe–Mn composite granular electrode for tetracycline (TC) degradation. The electrode integrates three synergistic functionalities: (i) iron-manganese oxides as the primary active phase, where Fe–Mn redox synergy accelerates Fe(II) regeneration; (ii) silica incorporation to fortify the oxide layer and enhance structural stability; and (iii) conductive carbon black doping to improve electrical conductivity and electron transfer. The system achieved 95% TC removal within 120 min. Characterization confirmed the structural and electrochemical advantages, while mechanistic studies identified singlet oxygen (1O₂) as the dominant reactive species. This work provides a durable, high-performance granular electrode for practical 3D-EF treatment of antibiotic pollutants.

Graphical abstract