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<p>In this work, a new approach for treating tannery wastewaters (TWWs) was applied, beginning with a coagulation-flocculation pretreatment. Under the optimal operating conditions obtained (5&#xa0;g L<sup>−1</sup> of ferric chloride at pH 7), this process was able to completely remove both turbidity and color present in the effluent, achieving a 73% of chemical organic oxygen (COD) removal. The sludge generated during the coagulation-flocculation (CF) process was valorized and characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM–EDX mapping and subsequently applied as a catalyst in an ultrasound-assisted photo-Fenton-like heterogeneous process (SPF). For this purpose, an experimental design based on Box-Behnken planning was employed to optimize the process operating parameters. Under the optimal conditions obtained (initial concentration of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> of 2284&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>, catalyst dosage of 2050&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup> at pH = 3), complete CN removal and a 91% of COD reduction were achieved. Furthermore, phytotoxicity assessments based on germination percentage, germination rate index, and seedling vigor index showed a significant decrease in toxicity, with germination rates of 94% for both wheat and <i>M. sativa</i> seeds. With a total treatment cost of 4.8 $USD m<sup>−3</sup> of treated TWW, the sequential treatment with CF followed by a heterogeneous SPF (CF-SPF) using a valorized sludge rich in Fe<sup>3+</sup> as a catalyst, proved to be an efficient and viable alternative for the sustainable management of tannery wastewater.</p>

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Integrated treatment of tannery wastewater by coagulation-flocculation and ultrasound-assisted photo-Fenton-like heterogeneous process using a valorized sludge-based catalyst: optimization of operational performance and toxicity assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Oumaima Bahammou,
  • Hamza Bellouk,
  • Imane El Mrabet,
  • Fouad Khalil,
  • Mourad Benzina,
  • Jamel Bouaziz,
  • Corinne Ferronato,
  • Frederic C. Meunier,
  • Héctor Valdés,
  • Hicham Zaitan

摘要

In this work, a new approach for treating tannery wastewaters (TWWs) was applied, beginning with a coagulation-flocculation pretreatment. Under the optimal operating conditions obtained (5 g L−1 of ferric chloride at pH 7), this process was able to completely remove both turbidity and color present in the effluent, achieving a 73% of chemical organic oxygen (COD) removal. The sludge generated during the coagulation-flocculation (CF) process was valorized and characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM–EDX mapping and subsequently applied as a catalyst in an ultrasound-assisted photo-Fenton-like heterogeneous process (SPF). For this purpose, an experimental design based on Box-Behnken planning was employed to optimize the process operating parameters. Under the optimal conditions obtained (initial concentration of H2O2 of 2284 mg L−1, catalyst dosage of 2050 mg L−1 at pH = 3), complete CN removal and a 91% of COD reduction were achieved. Furthermore, phytotoxicity assessments based on germination percentage, germination rate index, and seedling vigor index showed a significant decrease in toxicity, with germination rates of 94% for both wheat and M. sativa seeds. With a total treatment cost of 4.8 $USD m−3 of treated TWW, the sequential treatment with CF followed by a heterogeneous SPF (CF-SPF) using a valorized sludge rich in Fe3+ as a catalyst, proved to be an efficient and viable alternative for the sustainable management of tannery wastewater.