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<p>Phytoremediation of the emerging contaminant acetaminophen (ACT) by the robust <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> (Mart.) Solms and recycling the ACT-laden biomass for biochar production to avoid secondary pollution risk has rarely been reported. Hence, <i>E. crassipes</i> was cultivated in an outdoor hydroponic system containing synthetic domestic wastewater with five ACT dosages of 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 mg g<sup>−1</sup> FW. Interestingly, the phytoremediation system achieved removal efficiencies of 95.3 ± 4% for ACT and 92.41 ± 0.94% for COD. SEM and XRD analysis revealed ACT’s successful uptake and accumulation within <i>E. crassipes</i> leaves. Up to 1 mg g<sup>−1</sup> FW, <i>E. crassipes</i> could sustain cellular steady-state ROS levels and mitigate ACT-induced oxidative damages by incrementing antioxidant activities such as SOD, APX, and POD, as well as phenolic and carotenoid contents. To further investigate the recyclability of <i>E. crassipes’</i>s biomass, the depleted plant was pyrolyzed at 500°C for biochar production. The generated biochar showed porous structures with several functional groups and elements that could be applied in wastewater treatments and&#xa0;as a soil amendment. The economic feasibility of the phytoremediation/pyrolysis integrated system was achieved by recouping the initial investment within a payback period of 6.2 years (i.e., shorter than the project lifetime). This system fulfilled SDGs#3, 6, and 14 by pollution reduction, SDGs# 12 by storing C in biochar, and SDG# 8 by maintaining a positive net present value (NPV). This is the first study to point to <i>E. crassipes</i> as a resilient plant in remediating ACT-laden wastewater accompanied by the potential recyclability of the exhausted biomass for biochar production.</p>

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Phytoremediation of acetaminophen-laden wastewater by Eichhornia crassipes: a techno-economic and sustainable development approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Reda A. Elkhyat,
  • Amel A. Tammam,
  • Mahmoud Nasr,
  • Mohamed A. Ghazy

摘要

Phytoremediation of the emerging contaminant acetaminophen (ACT) by the robust Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and recycling the ACT-laden biomass for biochar production to avoid secondary pollution risk has rarely been reported. Hence, E. crassipes was cultivated in an outdoor hydroponic system containing synthetic domestic wastewater with five ACT dosages of 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 mg g−1 FW. Interestingly, the phytoremediation system achieved removal efficiencies of 95.3 ± 4% for ACT and 92.41 ± 0.94% for COD. SEM and XRD analysis revealed ACT’s successful uptake and accumulation within E. crassipes leaves. Up to 1 mg g−1 FW, E. crassipes could sustain cellular steady-state ROS levels and mitigate ACT-induced oxidative damages by incrementing antioxidant activities such as SOD, APX, and POD, as well as phenolic and carotenoid contents. To further investigate the recyclability of E. crassipes’s biomass, the depleted plant was pyrolyzed at 500°C for biochar production. The generated biochar showed porous structures with several functional groups and elements that could be applied in wastewater treatments and as a soil amendment. The economic feasibility of the phytoremediation/pyrolysis integrated system was achieved by recouping the initial investment within a payback period of 6.2 years (i.e., shorter than the project lifetime). This system fulfilled SDGs#3, 6, and 14 by pollution reduction, SDGs# 12 by storing C in biochar, and SDG# 8 by maintaining a positive net present value (NPV). This is the first study to point to E. crassipes as a resilient plant in remediating ACT-laden wastewater accompanied by the potential recyclability of the exhausted biomass for biochar production.