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<p>Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs) are emerging contaminants of global concern. However, knowledge about their interactive effects with metals on developing aquatic vertebrates is still scarce. Thus, the current study investigated cartilage and bone toxicity and behavioral changes in <i>Danio rerio</i> (zebrafish) larvae after exposure to single and combined TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs (0.1&#xa0;µg L<sup>−1</sup>, 1.0&#xa0;µg L<sup>−1</sup>, and 10&#xa0;µg L<sup>−1</sup>) and Cd (10&#xa0;µg L<sup>−1</sup>) for 168&#xa0;h. The results showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of single TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs did not cause skeletal changes in zebrafish larvae. In contrast, single Cd and combined with TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs induced significant skeletal changes, such as malformation of chondrocranial structures and inhibition of ossification. Despite that, single TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs or combined with Cd did not induce changes in the locomotor behavior of zebrafish larvae. This study demonstrated the chondrotoxicity and osteotoxicity of Cd, single, and combined with TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs, on zebrafish, highlighting the potential ecotoxicological impact of co-exposure to inorganic nanoparticles and metals on aquatic organisms, especially on the development of the skeletal system.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Single and combined nanotoxicity of titanium dioxide and cadmium: implications for skeletal and behavioral development in zebrafish

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月15日

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  • Carolina Castro,
  • Joseph Mamboungou,
  • Gabriel Qualhato,
  • Felipe Cirqueira,
  • Thiago Lopes Rocha,
  • Lucélia Gonçalves Vieira

摘要

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are emerging contaminants of global concern. However, knowledge about their interactive effects with metals on developing aquatic vertebrates is still scarce. Thus, the current study investigated cartilage and bone toxicity and behavioral changes in Danio rerio (zebrafish) larvae after exposure to single and combined TiO2 NPs (0.1 µg L−1, 1.0 µg L−1, and 10 µg L−1) and Cd (10 µg L−1) for 168 h. The results showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of single TiO2 NPs did not cause skeletal changes in zebrafish larvae. In contrast, single Cd and combined with TiO2 NPs induced significant skeletal changes, such as malformation of chondrocranial structures and inhibition of ossification. Despite that, single TiO2 NPs or combined with Cd did not induce changes in the locomotor behavior of zebrafish larvae. This study demonstrated the chondrotoxicity and osteotoxicity of Cd, single, and combined with TiO2 NPs, on zebrafish, highlighting the potential ecotoxicological impact of co-exposure to inorganic nanoparticles and metals on aquatic organisms, especially on the development of the skeletal system.

Graphical abstract