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<p>In this study, a novel anthraquinone-based ligand, 2-(4-aminostyryl)quinolin-8-ol (AQ), was synthesized and covalently functionalized onto graphene oxide (GO) and graphite (G) to yield GO–AQ and G–AQ nanocomposite adsorbents for efficient heavy metal removal. Structural elucidation using <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of the AQ ligand, evidenced by characteristic aromatic, amine, vinylic, and hydroxyl proton signals, which verify its high structural integrity and purity. FTIR analysis revealed distinct vibrational features corresponding to aromatic, C–N, and N–H functionalities, confirming a strong chemical interaction between AQ and GO through amide formation and epoxide ring-opening reactions, whereas interaction with graphite was predominantly physisorptive. XRD and FE-SEM analyses demonstrated structural modifications including partial restacking, increased disorder, and successful ligand incorporation on the GO surface, supported by EDX elemental mapping showing a uniform distribution of C, O, and N atoms. BET analysis confirmed mesoporous characteristics, with GO–AQ exhibiting a higher surface area and porosity compared to G–AQ. Adsorption studies for Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Cd<sup>2+</sup> ions demonstrated that GO–AQ exhibits superior uptake capacities of 140&#xa0;mg/g and 130&#xa0;mg/g, respectively. The process was accurately modeled by the Langmuir isotherm (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.99), indicating a monolayer chemisorption mechanism. The adsorption performance was highly dependent on operational parameters, including pH, contact time, and initial metal concentration, with optimal removal achieved at pH 7 within 40&#xa0;min. Furthermore, GO–AQ displayed excellent selectivity for multivalent heavy metal ions over lighter cations and retained over 98% of its adsorption efficiency after three consecutive regeneration cycles, confirming its reusability and structural integrity. Overall, the AQ-functionalized graphene oxide adsorbent presented herein represents a robust, high-performance, and sustainable material for the selective removal of toxic heavy metals from aqueous environments.</p>

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Design and functionalization of anthraquinone-modified graphene oxide as a high-performance recyclable adsorbent for selective removal of toxic heavy metals from aqueous systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Elham Zanganeh,
  • Ramin Bairami Habashi,
  • Alireza Sabzevari,
  • Hassan Zali Boeini,
  • Nasrin Badrzadeh

摘要

In this study, a novel anthraquinone-based ligand, 2-(4-aminostyryl)quinolin-8-ol (AQ), was synthesized and covalently functionalized onto graphene oxide (GO) and graphite (G) to yield GO–AQ and G–AQ nanocomposite adsorbents for efficient heavy metal removal. Structural elucidation using 1H-NMR spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of the AQ ligand, evidenced by characteristic aromatic, amine, vinylic, and hydroxyl proton signals, which verify its high structural integrity and purity. FTIR analysis revealed distinct vibrational features corresponding to aromatic, C–N, and N–H functionalities, confirming a strong chemical interaction between AQ and GO through amide formation and epoxide ring-opening reactions, whereas interaction with graphite was predominantly physisorptive. XRD and FE-SEM analyses demonstrated structural modifications including partial restacking, increased disorder, and successful ligand incorporation on the GO surface, supported by EDX elemental mapping showing a uniform distribution of C, O, and N atoms. BET analysis confirmed mesoporous characteristics, with GO–AQ exhibiting a higher surface area and porosity compared to G–AQ. Adsorption studies for Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions demonstrated that GO–AQ exhibits superior uptake capacities of 140 mg/g and 130 mg/g, respectively. The process was accurately modeled by the Langmuir isotherm (R2 > 0.99), indicating a monolayer chemisorption mechanism. The adsorption performance was highly dependent on operational parameters, including pH, contact time, and initial metal concentration, with optimal removal achieved at pH 7 within 40 min. Furthermore, GO–AQ displayed excellent selectivity for multivalent heavy metal ions over lighter cations and retained over 98% of its adsorption efficiency after three consecutive regeneration cycles, confirming its reusability and structural integrity. Overall, the AQ-functionalized graphene oxide adsorbent presented herein represents a robust, high-performance, and sustainable material for the selective removal of toxic heavy metals from aqueous environments.