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<p>This study evaluates a simple thermal air oxidation strategy to enhance commercial steam-activated carbon from coconut shells (SAC) for multifunctional environmental remediation. SAC samples oxidized at different durations showed that SAC-90 (90&#xa0;min at 350 °C) achieved the highest Pb<sup>2+</sup> adsorption capacity (87.96&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup>), nearly twice that of SAC (44.50&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup>), due to increased surface oxygen-containing functional groups and specific surface area. Adsorption isotherm analysis indicated that the Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson models best described Pb<sup>2+</sup> uptake on SAC-90, reflecting predominantly monolayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. Thermodynamic parameters confirmed that Pb<sup>2+</sup> adsorption on SAC-90 is endothermic and spontaneous. In addition, SAC-90 displayed enhanced CO₂ adsorption (1.61&#xa0;mmol&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup>) and substantially improved <sup>222</sup>Rn uptake (0.2933 cps g⁻<sup>1</sup>) while maintaining good performance over five adsorption–desorption cycles. Overall, thermal air oxidation provides an efficient and environmentally benign route to upgrade commercial activated carbon for simultaneous treatment of aqueous Pb<sup>2+</sup> and gaseous CO₂ and <sup>222</sup>Rn.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Thermally air oxidation of activated carbon for enhanced lead(II) removal with preliminary insights into CO2 and 222radon adsorption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Irwan Kurnia,
  • Sausan Salma Zhafira,
  • Tarmizi Taher,
  • Eka Djatnika Nugraha,
  • Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
  • Irkham Irkham,
  • Hersandy Dayu Kusuma,
  • Nova Rachmadona,
  • Joko Waluyo,
  • Radhia Pradana,
  • Rusbani Kurniawan,
  • Surachai Karnjanakom,
  • Yeni Wahyuni Hartati,
  • Shinji Tokonami

摘要

This study evaluates a simple thermal air oxidation strategy to enhance commercial steam-activated carbon from coconut shells (SAC) for multifunctional environmental remediation. SAC samples oxidized at different durations showed that SAC-90 (90 min at 350 °C) achieved the highest Pb2+ adsorption capacity (87.96 mg g⁻1), nearly twice that of SAC (44.50 mg g⁻1), due to increased surface oxygen-containing functional groups and specific surface area. Adsorption isotherm analysis indicated that the Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson models best described Pb2+ uptake on SAC-90, reflecting predominantly monolayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. Thermodynamic parameters confirmed that Pb2+ adsorption on SAC-90 is endothermic and spontaneous. In addition, SAC-90 displayed enhanced CO₂ adsorption (1.61 mmol g⁻1) and substantially improved 222Rn uptake (0.2933 cps g⁻1) while maintaining good performance over five adsorption–desorption cycles. Overall, thermal air oxidation provides an efficient and environmentally benign route to upgrade commercial activated carbon for simultaneous treatment of aqueous Pb2+ and gaseous CO₂ and 222Rn.

Graphical Abstract