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<p>The environmental persistence of antiviral pharmaceuticals has raised increasing concern due to their potential ecological and human health impacts. In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of isoprinosine, a structurally complex antiviral drug, was investigated under simulated solar irradiation using pure TiO<sub>2</sub> and Ag-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> synthesized via a sol–gel method. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and electron microscopy, and their photocatalytic activities were evaluated through kinetic analysis. Although Ag modification of TiO₂ is generally assumed to enhance photocatalytic activity, we find Ag-TiO<sub>2</sub> degrades IPN far less efficiently than pure TiO<sub>2</sub>, achieving only ~21% removal compared to complete degradation by TiO<sub>2</sub>. This unexpected result provides new mechanistic insight into how silver incorporation, phase composition, and catalyst pollutant interactions influence photocatalytic performance, highlighting that noble-metal doping is not universally beneficial. By establishing baseline activity under controlled conditions, these findings offer a benchmark for understanding pollutant-specific effects and guiding the rational design of photocatalysts for persistent antiviral contaminants.</p>

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Ag-TiO2 photocatalyst for the degradation of isoprinosine: influence of silver modification on solar photocatalytic activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Humam Ahmed,
  • Sunday J. Olusegun,
  • Kamil Sobczak,
  • Szymon Sutula,
  • Nelcy D. S. Mohallem,
  • Ebenezer Idowu Oluwasola,
  • Ewa Felis

摘要

The environmental persistence of antiviral pharmaceuticals has raised increasing concern due to their potential ecological and human health impacts. In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of isoprinosine, a structurally complex antiviral drug, was investigated under simulated solar irradiation using pure TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 synthesized via a sol–gel method. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and electron microscopy, and their photocatalytic activities were evaluated through kinetic analysis. Although Ag modification of TiO₂ is generally assumed to enhance photocatalytic activity, we find Ag-TiO2 degrades IPN far less efficiently than pure TiO2, achieving only ~21% removal compared to complete degradation by TiO2. This unexpected result provides new mechanistic insight into how silver incorporation, phase composition, and catalyst pollutant interactions influence photocatalytic performance, highlighting that noble-metal doping is not universally beneficial. By establishing baseline activity under controlled conditions, these findings offer a benchmark for understanding pollutant-specific effects and guiding the rational design of photocatalysts for persistent antiviral contaminants.