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<p>The growing demand for sustainable aquaculture and eco-friendly feed resources necessitates the development of circular economy strategies that valorize agro-industrial by-products. This study evaluated pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i>) peel, a nutrient-rich fruit waste, as a functional and sustainable feed additive in the freshwater prawn <i>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</i>. A 60-day feeding trial included a control (0X) and five experimental diets (P1–P5) supplemented with <i>P. granatum</i> peel protease (0.02X–0.10X). Growth, digestive enzyme activity, immune-oxidative responses, and tissue histology were assessed, followed by a 72-h post-challenge with <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>. Growth improved significantly in P4 and P5 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), with the highest specific growth rate (2.14 ± 0.03%/day in P4; 2.13 ± 0.01%/day in P5) and lowest feed conversion ratio (0.39 ± 0.01) in P5. P4 showed the highest protein (240.01 ± 2.68&#xa0;mg/g) and amino acids (148.16 ± 0.83&#xa0;mg/g). Protease activity peaked in P4 (1.55 ± 0.03&#xa0;IU/g), while amylase and lipase remained unchanged. Antioxidant defenses in P5 were elevated, including superoxide dismutase (43.31 ± 0.33%), catalase (1.91 ± 0.05 U/min/mg protein), glutathione S-transferase (1.43 ± 0.01 U/min/mg protein), glutathione peroxidase (5.97 ± 0.02 U/min/mg protein), and total hemocyte count (22.80 ± 0.05 × 10⁶ cells/mL). Histology confirmed improved hepatopancreas structure. <i>P. granatum</i> exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against <i>A. hydrophila</i> (MIC 6.25&#xa0;mg/mL), and in vivo challenge showed the lowest mortality in P4 and P5 (16.25 ± 1.77%) versus control (71.25 ± 1.77%). These results highlight <i>P. granatum</i> peel as a viable circular bioresource, promoting nutrient recycling, waste reduction, and sustainable aquaculture productivity while minimizing reliance on synthetic additives. Future studies should focus on long-term feeding trials and large-scale farm evaluations to further validate the commercial viability of <i>P. granatum</i> peel as a sustainable functional feed additive in aquaculture.</p>

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Valorization of pomegranate peel waste as a sustainable feed additive: enhancing growth, digestion, immunity, and disease resistance in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Jhanani Gopalraaj,
  • Krishnakumar Velayudhannair

摘要

The growing demand for sustainable aquaculture and eco-friendly feed resources necessitates the development of circular economy strategies that valorize agro-industrial by-products. This study evaluated pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel, a nutrient-rich fruit waste, as a functional and sustainable feed additive in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. A 60-day feeding trial included a control (0X) and five experimental diets (P1–P5) supplemented with P. granatum peel protease (0.02X–0.10X). Growth, digestive enzyme activity, immune-oxidative responses, and tissue histology were assessed, followed by a 72-h post-challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. Growth improved significantly in P4 and P5 (p < 0.05), with the highest specific growth rate (2.14 ± 0.03%/day in P4; 2.13 ± 0.01%/day in P5) and lowest feed conversion ratio (0.39 ± 0.01) in P5. P4 showed the highest protein (240.01 ± 2.68 mg/g) and amino acids (148.16 ± 0.83 mg/g). Protease activity peaked in P4 (1.55 ± 0.03 IU/g), while amylase and lipase remained unchanged. Antioxidant defenses in P5 were elevated, including superoxide dismutase (43.31 ± 0.33%), catalase (1.91 ± 0.05 U/min/mg protein), glutathione S-transferase (1.43 ± 0.01 U/min/mg protein), glutathione peroxidase (5.97 ± 0.02 U/min/mg protein), and total hemocyte count (22.80 ± 0.05 × 10⁶ cells/mL). Histology confirmed improved hepatopancreas structure. P. granatum exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila (MIC 6.25 mg/mL), and in vivo challenge showed the lowest mortality in P4 and P5 (16.25 ± 1.77%) versus control (71.25 ± 1.77%). These results highlight P. granatum peel as a viable circular bioresource, promoting nutrient recycling, waste reduction, and sustainable aquaculture productivity while minimizing reliance on synthetic additives. Future studies should focus on long-term feeding trials and large-scale farm evaluations to further validate the commercial viability of P. granatum peel as a sustainable functional feed additive in aquaculture.