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<p>Water scarcity and water quality degradation have increased the interest in reclaimed water production from wastewater treatment plants. Among quality concerns, emerging contaminants (ECs) have gained attention due to their persistence and potential environmental and health risks. This study investigated the occurrence, spatial distribution, and removal of ECs in a full-scale Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) operating an anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic process followed by membrane bioreactor (MBR) filtration in São Paulo State, Brazil. Wastewater samples were collected at different treatment stages, and surface waters from regional rivers were analyzed for comparison. Target compounds were determined by UPLC–MS/MS and GC–MS. All analytes were detected in raw sewage, with caffeine presenting the highest concentrations. High removal efficiencies were observed for paracetamol, caffeine, ibuprofen, naproxen, and atenolol (&gt; 97%), while diclofenac and propranolol showed moderate removal (60–70%). Estrogenic compounds exhibited variable removal, and carbamazepine and its metabolites showed persistent behavior, with negative removal suggesting back-formation processes. The results confirm carbamazepine as a reliable chemical marker of treatment efficiency and indicate that, although reclaimed water showed high overall quality, complementary treatment may be required to meet stricter standards for emerging contaminants.</p>

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Removal of emerging contaminants in a full-scale bioreactor coupled with membrane filtration for reclaimed water production in São Paulo State, Brazil

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Rafaela Gonçalves Machado,
  • Josilei da Silva Ferreira,
  • Guilherme Martins Grosseli,
  • Roberta Cerasi Urban,
  • Pedro Sergio Fadini

摘要

Water scarcity and water quality degradation have increased the interest in reclaimed water production from wastewater treatment plants. Among quality concerns, emerging contaminants (ECs) have gained attention due to their persistence and potential environmental and health risks. This study investigated the occurrence, spatial distribution, and removal of ECs in a full-scale Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) operating an anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic process followed by membrane bioreactor (MBR) filtration in São Paulo State, Brazil. Wastewater samples were collected at different treatment stages, and surface waters from regional rivers were analyzed for comparison. Target compounds were determined by UPLC–MS/MS and GC–MS. All analytes were detected in raw sewage, with caffeine presenting the highest concentrations. High removal efficiencies were observed for paracetamol, caffeine, ibuprofen, naproxen, and atenolol (> 97%), while diclofenac and propranolol showed moderate removal (60–70%). Estrogenic compounds exhibited variable removal, and carbamazepine and its metabolites showed persistent behavior, with negative removal suggesting back-formation processes. The results confirm carbamazepine as a reliable chemical marker of treatment efficiency and indicate that, although reclaimed water showed high overall quality, complementary treatment may be required to meet stricter standards for emerging contaminants.