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<p>Understanding how spatially distributed electroactive units contribute to the collective performance of multi-anode–constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) is essential for advancing system design and optimization. In this study, we systematically dissect the individual anodic electrochemical and biological contributions of pyrite- and graphite-based multi-anode CW-MFCs (Py-MACW-MFC and GG-MACW-MFC) under varying organic and hydraulic load conditions to elucidate anode-specific mechanisms driving wastewater treatment and power generation. The Py-MACW-MFC exhibited superior treatment performance, achieving optimal removal efficiencies of 96.33 ± 0.72% (COD), 82.60 ± 3.12% (NH<sub>4</sub>⁺–N), and 47.09 ± 0.58% (TP) at an influent COD of 400&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>, representing 1.03-, 1.2-, and 1.1-fold improvements over the GG-MACW-MFC, respectively. The optimal hydraulic retention time was determined to be 1.5&#xa0;days, beyond which performance declined, yielding maximum removal efficiencies of 95.92 ± 0.37% (COD), 72.98 ± 0.70% (NH<sub>4</sub>⁺–N), and 48.26 ± 5.43% (TP) in the Py-MACW-MFC. Spatially resolved electrochemical analysis revealed distinct anodic behaviors, with the power density of individual anodes following the order A<sub>2</sub> (25.54 mW m<sup>−3</sup>) &gt; A<sub>1</sub> (24.14 mW m<sup>−3</sup>) &gt; A<sub>3</sub> (23.81 mW m<sup>−3</sup>), which were 1.47-, 1.28-, and 1.22-fold higher than those of the GG-MACW-MFC, respectively. The results demonstrate that electrode composition critically shapes localized bio-electrochemical performance. Microbial community analysis further revealed that pyrite promoted a higher abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, alongside enhanced denitrification-related functional genes, underpinning its superior pollutant removal and energy recovery capacity. These findings established pyrite as a promising electrode material and revealed how anode-specific bio-electrochemical interactions shape system-wide functionality, offering a mechanistic foundation for the rational design of next-generation, spatially optimized CW-MFCs.</p>

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Performance examination of anodic bioelectrochemical contributions in pyrite and graphite multi-anode–constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells under hydraulic and organic loads

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Prince Atta Opoku,
  • Huang Jingyu,
  • Xu Shaowei

摘要

Understanding how spatially distributed electroactive units contribute to the collective performance of multi-anode–constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) is essential for advancing system design and optimization. In this study, we systematically dissect the individual anodic electrochemical and biological contributions of pyrite- and graphite-based multi-anode CW-MFCs (Py-MACW-MFC and GG-MACW-MFC) under varying organic and hydraulic load conditions to elucidate anode-specific mechanisms driving wastewater treatment and power generation. The Py-MACW-MFC exhibited superior treatment performance, achieving optimal removal efficiencies of 96.33 ± 0.72% (COD), 82.60 ± 3.12% (NH4⁺–N), and 47.09 ± 0.58% (TP) at an influent COD of 400 mg L−1, representing 1.03-, 1.2-, and 1.1-fold improvements over the GG-MACW-MFC, respectively. The optimal hydraulic retention time was determined to be 1.5 days, beyond which performance declined, yielding maximum removal efficiencies of 95.92 ± 0.37% (COD), 72.98 ± 0.70% (NH4⁺–N), and 48.26 ± 5.43% (TP) in the Py-MACW-MFC. Spatially resolved electrochemical analysis revealed distinct anodic behaviors, with the power density of individual anodes following the order A2 (25.54 mW m−3) > A1 (24.14 mW m−3) > A3 (23.81 mW m−3), which were 1.47-, 1.28-, and 1.22-fold higher than those of the GG-MACW-MFC, respectively. The results demonstrate that electrode composition critically shapes localized bio-electrochemical performance. Microbial community analysis further revealed that pyrite promoted a higher abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, alongside enhanced denitrification-related functional genes, underpinning its superior pollutant removal and energy recovery capacity. These findings established pyrite as a promising electrode material and revealed how anode-specific bio-electrochemical interactions shape system-wide functionality, offering a mechanistic foundation for the rational design of next-generation, spatially optimized CW-MFCs.