<p>The complex mixtures known as hydrocarbons (HCs) are primarily made up of saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes, which are collectively called SARA fractions. These components, which differ based on the source, make up a significant amount of crude oil. Coastal waters are especially affected by the discharge of hydrocarbons into marine environments as a result of human-caused activities like industrial effluents, maritime traffic, and coastal tourism. The coastal area of Goa is becoming more susceptible to hydrocarbon contamination because of its ecological sensitivity and industrial pressures. In this review, the chemical, physical, and biological degradation mechanisms that control the fate of hydrocarbons in Goa’s coastal waters are critically evaluated. With a focus on studies published between 2015 and 2025, a systematic literature review was done using databases like Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. According to the review, the primary natural attenuation process is microbial degradation, which is greatly impacted by temperature, salinity, oxygen concentration, and nutrient availability. TPH concentrations in Goa’s coastal waters are reported to vary greatly. Significant knowledge gaps still exist, especially with regard to in-situ bioremediation trials, microbial community profiling, and site-specific monitoring data. The review emphasizes the need for focused mitigation strategies adapted to Goa’s environmental and socioeconomic context, as well as the absence of integrated monitoring frameworks. The results provide a scientific foundation for better environmental management, the creation of policies, and long-term remediation techniques in coastal areas affected by hydrocarbons.</p>