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<p>This study evaluated the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a sulfur-vegetable oil biopolymer (p-SF) and its urea-loaded biocomposites using the <i>Allium cepa</i> L. assay. Urea was incorporated at different loadings 79&#xa0;mg and 92&#xa0;mg per g of biopolymer (p-SF-79U, p-SF-92U) to obtain controlled-release biocomposites for potential agricultural applications. After 72-h exposure, root growth increased by up to 63% in p-SF-92U compared with − 2.6% in the negative control, without visible signs of cytotoxicity. Mitotic index values remained comparable to the control (5.93%), ranging from 4.27 to 6.66%, while the positive control (hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂) completely inhibited mitosis. Microscopic analyses allowed to determinate that chromosomal aberrations were consistently low (&lt; 2.9%) in treated cells, even below the control (3.67%), suggesting no detectable genotoxic effects under the tested conditions. Moreover, all mitotic phases in treated groups, and severe chromosomal damage induced by H₂O₂ were observed. These findings demonstrate that the evaluated biopolymers and biocomposites are non-cytotoxic and non-genotoxic to eukaryotic cells, while promoting root development. Overall, the <i>A. cepa</i> assay proved to be a reliable, low-cost tool for preliminary toxicological assessment, and the results support the safe application of sulfur oil biocomposites as sustainable encapsulation matrices for urea, offering an eco-friendly strategy to improve fertilizer efficiency and minimize environmental risks.</p>

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Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of sulfur-vegetable oil polymers and urea‑loaded composites evaluated by the Allium cepa test

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Ana Sofía Farioli,
  • Maricruz Fernandez,
  • Pablo César Cavallo,
  • Diego Fernando Acevedo,
  • Edith Inés Yslas

摘要

This study evaluated the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a sulfur-vegetable oil biopolymer (p-SF) and its urea-loaded biocomposites using the Allium cepa L. assay. Urea was incorporated at different loadings 79 mg and 92 mg per g of biopolymer (p-SF-79U, p-SF-92U) to obtain controlled-release biocomposites for potential agricultural applications. After 72-h exposure, root growth increased by up to 63% in p-SF-92U compared with − 2.6% in the negative control, without visible signs of cytotoxicity. Mitotic index values remained comparable to the control (5.93%), ranging from 4.27 to 6.66%, while the positive control (hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂) completely inhibited mitosis. Microscopic analyses allowed to determinate that chromosomal aberrations were consistently low (< 2.9%) in treated cells, even below the control (3.67%), suggesting no detectable genotoxic effects under the tested conditions. Moreover, all mitotic phases in treated groups, and severe chromosomal damage induced by H₂O₂ were observed. These findings demonstrate that the evaluated biopolymers and biocomposites are non-cytotoxic and non-genotoxic to eukaryotic cells, while promoting root development. Overall, the A. cepa assay proved to be a reliable, low-cost tool for preliminary toxicological assessment, and the results support the safe application of sulfur oil biocomposites as sustainable encapsulation matrices for urea, offering an eco-friendly strategy to improve fertilizer efficiency and minimize environmental risks.