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<p>This study assessed the chronic toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNP) and clothianidin (CLO), individually and as a binary mixture, on enchytraeids <i>Enchytraeus crypticus</i> and collembolans <i>Folsomia candida</i>. The assays were performed according to ISO protocols, using a tropical soil (Entisol) as the test substrate. The mixture assays were performed using equitoxic concentration, standardized according to the preliminary EC<sub>50</sub> values for each contaminant (1 Toxic Unit = reproductive EC<sub>50</sub> average), and the toxicological interactions were assessed through the Abbott model. Individually, CLO was much more toxic than PSNP (LOEC-based) to both enchytraeids (CLO = 2.67&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>, PSNP = 128&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>) and collembolans (CLO = 0.02&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>, PSNP = 56.25&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>). Collembolans were more sensitive to both contaminants compared to enchytraeids, but the difference in sensitivity was higher for CLO (&gt; 100 times) than for PSNP (2.3 times). The binary mixtures showed additive effects of PSNP + CLO for both species at all mixture concentrations. For collembolans, concentrations that caused no significant effects individually (18.75&#xa0;mg PSNP kg<sup>−1</sup> and 0.01&#xa0;mg CLO kg<sup>−1</sup>) induced significant negative effects when in mixture, indicating that the co-occurrence of individually non-toxic concentrations might not be safe for collembolans.</p>

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Single and combined chronic toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNP) and clothianidin on collembolans and enchytraeids

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Felipe Ogliari Bandeira,
  • Paulo Roger Lopes Alves,
  • Tamires Rodrigues dos Reis,
  • Dilmar Baretta,
  • Carolina Riviera Duarte Maluche Baretta,
  • William Gerson Matias

摘要

This study assessed the chronic toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNP) and clothianidin (CLO), individually and as a binary mixture, on enchytraeids Enchytraeus crypticus and collembolans Folsomia candida. The assays were performed according to ISO protocols, using a tropical soil (Entisol) as the test substrate. The mixture assays were performed using equitoxic concentration, standardized according to the preliminary EC50 values for each contaminant (1 Toxic Unit = reproductive EC50 average), and the toxicological interactions were assessed through the Abbott model. Individually, CLO was much more toxic than PSNP (LOEC-based) to both enchytraeids (CLO = 2.67 mg kg−1, PSNP = 128 mg kg−1) and collembolans (CLO = 0.02 mg kg−1, PSNP = 56.25 mg kg−1). Collembolans were more sensitive to both contaminants compared to enchytraeids, but the difference in sensitivity was higher for CLO (> 100 times) than for PSNP (2.3 times). The binary mixtures showed additive effects of PSNP + CLO for both species at all mixture concentrations. For collembolans, concentrations that caused no significant effects individually (18.75 mg PSNP kg−1 and 0.01 mg CLO kg−1) induced significant negative effects when in mixture, indicating that the co-occurrence of individually non-toxic concentrations might not be safe for collembolans.