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<p>Modifying membranes with antimicrobial nanoparticles enhances antifouling properties and enables rapid disinfection during water treatment. Here, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) particles were formed on a commercial anionic exchange membranes using a two-step ion-mediated surface-reduction process consisting of a 24-h sodium borohydride treatment followed by a 24-h reaction with Ag and Cu precursor solutions (0.01–0.1&#xa0;M). Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry confirmed uniform Ag and Cu particle distribution on the membrane surface. Increasing precursor concentration enlarged the Ag particle diameters from 167.7 ± 2.2&#xa0;nm to 652.2 ± 23.4&#xa0;nm and Cu from 117.8 ± 3.4&#xa0;nm to 606.5 ± 16.6&#xa0;nm, with metal content of 0.05 ± 0.001–0.17 ± 0.01&#xa0;mg·cm<sup>2</sup> (Ag) and 1.05 ± 0.01–2.13 ± 0.03&#xa0;mg·cm<sup>2</sup> (Cu). Metal leaching after 14&#xa0;days was low (Ag: 3.11 ± 0.24–6.62 ± 0.12&#xa0;ppb; Cu: 2.75 ± 0.1–5.32 ± 0.1&#xa0;ppb), within World Health Organization drinking water limits. The modified membranes achieved up to 8-log inactivation of <i>Escherichia coli</i> within 1–4&#xa0;h. The most effective Ag and Cu membranes (lowest metal loading) exhibited specific inactivation rates of 13.68 ± 0.93 (mg·cm<sup>2</sup>)⁻<sup>1</sup> for Ag and 1.69 ± 0.14 (mg·cm<sup>2</sup>)⁻<sup>1</sup> for Cu in 2&#xa0;h. Ag exhibited the highest antimicrobial efficiency per unit metal, while high-loading Cu disinfects fastest, together showing metal-modified anionic membranes provide stable, low-leaching antimicrobial performance suitable emergency treatment.</p>

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Surface modification of commercial anion exchange membrane for the inactivation of Escherichia coli

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Fulufhelo H. Mudau,
  • Ralph F. Muvhiiwa,
  • Machawe M. Motsa,
  • Lueta-Ann De Kock,
  • Francis Hassard

摘要

Modifying membranes with antimicrobial nanoparticles enhances antifouling properties and enables rapid disinfection during water treatment. Here, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) particles were formed on a commercial anionic exchange membranes using a two-step ion-mediated surface-reduction process consisting of a 24-h sodium borohydride treatment followed by a 24-h reaction with Ag and Cu precursor solutions (0.01–0.1 M). Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry confirmed uniform Ag and Cu particle distribution on the membrane surface. Increasing precursor concentration enlarged the Ag particle diameters from 167.7 ± 2.2 nm to 652.2 ± 23.4 nm and Cu from 117.8 ± 3.4 nm to 606.5 ± 16.6 nm, with metal content of 0.05 ± 0.001–0.17 ± 0.01 mg·cm2 (Ag) and 1.05 ± 0.01–2.13 ± 0.03 mg·cm2 (Cu). Metal leaching after 14 days was low (Ag: 3.11 ± 0.24–6.62 ± 0.12 ppb; Cu: 2.75 ± 0.1–5.32 ± 0.1 ppb), within World Health Organization drinking water limits. The modified membranes achieved up to 8-log inactivation of Escherichia coli within 1–4 h. The most effective Ag and Cu membranes (lowest metal loading) exhibited specific inactivation rates of 13.68 ± 0.93 (mg·cm2)⁻1 for Ag and 1.69 ± 0.14 (mg·cm2)⁻1 for Cu in 2 h. Ag exhibited the highest antimicrobial efficiency per unit metal, while high-loading Cu disinfects fastest, together showing metal-modified anionic membranes provide stable, low-leaching antimicrobial performance suitable emergency treatment.