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<p>The contamination of water by cytostatic drugs poses a significant ecological risk. This study presents a novel TiO<sub>2</sub>/clay/Ag catalyst, synthesized through a simplified sol–gel method, and applied for the efficient removal of etoposide (ETP) from aqueous environments. A thorough characterization of the catalyst’s structural and morphological properties was carried out using various analytical techniques (XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XPS). Several parameters, such as contact time, photocatalyst dosage, pH, and drug concentration, were studied. Under visible light irradiation, complete degradation (100%) of ETP molecules was achieved within 30&#xa0;min. The degradation process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The catalyst’s remarkable reusability is another key strength, as it showed excellent performance over five consecutive cycles, confirming its long-term applicability. In addition to its environmental sustainability and economic feasibility, this material demonstrated exceptional performance when applied to real environmental samples (surface water, incoming and outgoing wastewater). These findings suggest the catalyst’s potential as a powerful, eco-friendly, and scalable approach to reducing pharmaceutical contamination in water.</p>

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Design and application of a TiO2/clay/Ag hybrid nanocomposite for environmental remediation of cytotoxic pharmaceuticals

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月12日

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  • Oumaima Atawa,
  • Noelia Garcia Criado,
  • Julia Martín,
  • Juan Luis Santos,
  • Irene Aparicio,
  • Esteban Alonso,
  • Noureddine Hamdi

摘要

The contamination of water by cytostatic drugs poses a significant ecological risk. This study presents a novel TiO2/clay/Ag catalyst, synthesized through a simplified sol–gel method, and applied for the efficient removal of etoposide (ETP) from aqueous environments. A thorough characterization of the catalyst’s structural and morphological properties was carried out using various analytical techniques (XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XPS). Several parameters, such as contact time, photocatalyst dosage, pH, and drug concentration, were studied. Under visible light irradiation, complete degradation (100%) of ETP molecules was achieved within 30 min. The degradation process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The catalyst’s remarkable reusability is another key strength, as it showed excellent performance over five consecutive cycles, confirming its long-term applicability. In addition to its environmental sustainability and economic feasibility, this material demonstrated exceptional performance when applied to real environmental samples (surface water, incoming and outgoing wastewater). These findings suggest the catalyst’s potential as a powerful, eco-friendly, and scalable approach to reducing pharmaceutical contamination in water.