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<p>The study provides a novel three decades (1993–2022) geospatial investigation on urban heat island (UHI) and land use land cover (LULC) dynamics in the Haldia industrial region, eastern India, revealing the compounded impact of industrialization, urban growth, and vegetation loss on rising surfaces. Using multi-temporal Landsat imagery, the maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) was applied to classify the LULC classes, while indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and LST were employed to quantify environmental changes. The results show a 22.59 sq. km expansion in built-up area (1993–2022), accompanied by decreases in agricultural land (29.12 sq. km), fallow land (6.89 sq. km), and vegetation cover (10.72 sq. km since 2011). Directional analysis highlighted north-eastern, eastern, southern, and south-western sectors as hotspots of urban expansion and heat accumulation, driven by population growth, industrialization, and vegetation loss. The gradient distance and direction analysis suggested that the north-eastern, eastern, southern, and south-western parts have experienced urban expansion and were also affected by the heat island due to urbanization, population pressure, industrialization, and vegetation insufficiency. Maximum LST rose from 27.51&#xa0;°C (1993) to 37.13&#xa0;°C (2022), while UHI intensity increased from 9.31 to 12.49 °C over the same period. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between LST with NDBI/NDWI and a negative correlation with NDVI. The study’s novelty lies in its integrated geospatial assessment of three decades of UHI–LULC dynamics in an industrialized region of eastern India, offering critical insights for sustainable urban planning and climate-resilient land-use policies.</p>

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Urban heat island and land use land cover dynamics (1993–2022) in Haldia industrial region, West Bengal, India: a geospatial perspective

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月27日

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  • Shyam Pada Karan,
  • Suman Das,
  • Swati Mandal

摘要

The study provides a novel three decades (1993–2022) geospatial investigation on urban heat island (UHI) and land use land cover (LULC) dynamics in the Haldia industrial region, eastern India, revealing the compounded impact of industrialization, urban growth, and vegetation loss on rising surfaces. Using multi-temporal Landsat imagery, the maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) was applied to classify the LULC classes, while indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and LST were employed to quantify environmental changes. The results show a 22.59 sq. km expansion in built-up area (1993–2022), accompanied by decreases in agricultural land (29.12 sq. km), fallow land (6.89 sq. km), and vegetation cover (10.72 sq. km since 2011). Directional analysis highlighted north-eastern, eastern, southern, and south-western sectors as hotspots of urban expansion and heat accumulation, driven by population growth, industrialization, and vegetation loss. The gradient distance and direction analysis suggested that the north-eastern, eastern, southern, and south-western parts have experienced urban expansion and were also affected by the heat island due to urbanization, population pressure, industrialization, and vegetation insufficiency. Maximum LST rose from 27.51 °C (1993) to 37.13 °C (2022), while UHI intensity increased from 9.31 to 12.49 °C over the same period. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between LST with NDBI/NDWI and a negative correlation with NDVI. The study’s novelty lies in its integrated geospatial assessment of three decades of UHI–LULC dynamics in an industrialized region of eastern India, offering critical insights for sustainable urban planning and climate-resilient land-use policies.