<p>Against the backdrop of global climate change and the “dual-carbon” goals, optimizing the spatial pattern of carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems is essential for achieving regional carbon balance and carbon neutrality. This study coupled the PLUS and InVEST models to simulate land use change and carbon storage distribution in the Wujiang River Basin by 2030 under four scenarios: urban development, ecological protection, cultivated land protection, and natural development. Furthermore, it utilized a Bayesian network model to conduct spatial optimization of the carbon storage pattern in the study area. The results show the following: (1) Carbon storage in the basin first declined and then rose, exhibiting a spatial pattern of high values in the north-central part and low values in the southwest, with significant spatial autocorrelation. (2) In 2030, carbon storage levels differ markedly among the four scenarios: the ecological-protection scenario registers a pronounced increase, whereas the other three scenarios exhibit decreases; high-carbon areas are mainly concentrated in the northwest and central regions. (3) By screening key variables through the Bayesian network, the basin is zoned into ecological protection zones, ecological buffer zones, restricted development zones, and economic development zones. This study offers scientific guidance for decision-makers seeking to optimize ecosystem carbon storage in the Wujiang River Basin of China, which is essential for formulating future land use policies and achieving the “dual carbon” strategic goal.</p>