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<p>An eco-friendly mesoporous silica gel (SG) was synthesized from raw Tunisian sand and evaluated for the adsorption of the toxic crystal violet (CV) dye from water. The SG was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDX, N2 physisorption, TGA, and ZP. Structural analysis confirmed an amorphous phase and identified surface silanol (Si–OH) groups. The material exhibited a highly porous morphology and a pure SiO<sub>2</sub> composition. N<sub>2</sub> physisorption analysis revealed a high specific surface area of 103 m<sup>2</sup>/g and a mesoporous structure with an average pore diameter of 19&#xa0;nm. ZP measurements confirmed a negative surface charge, thereby promoting the uptake of CV. Effective adsorption conditions&#xa0;were identified as pH 10, an adsorbent dosage of 0.05&#xa0;g, and a contact time of 30&#xa0;min. Equilibrium isotherms were well described by both Langmuir and Freundlich models, with a maximum uptake of 164&#xa0;mg/g. The adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The SG demonstrated remarkable stability, retaining 84% over three consecutive cycles.&#xa0;These findings confirm that the derived SG is reliable and stable, highlighting the successful valorization of natural sand for environmental remediation.</p>

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Valorization of Tunisian silica sand for the synthesis of silica gel and its application as a sustainable adsorbent for crystal violet dye removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • Amal Andolsi,
  • Islem Chaari

摘要

An eco-friendly mesoporous silica gel (SG) was synthesized from raw Tunisian sand and evaluated for the adsorption of the toxic crystal violet (CV) dye from water. The SG was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDX, N2 physisorption, TGA, and ZP. Structural analysis confirmed an amorphous phase and identified surface silanol (Si–OH) groups. The material exhibited a highly porous morphology and a pure SiO2 composition. N2 physisorption analysis revealed a high specific surface area of 103 m2/g and a mesoporous structure with an average pore diameter of 19 nm. ZP measurements confirmed a negative surface charge, thereby promoting the uptake of CV. Effective adsorption conditions were identified as pH 10, an adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g, and a contact time of 30 min. Equilibrium isotherms were well described by both Langmuir and Freundlich models, with a maximum uptake of 164 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The SG demonstrated remarkable stability, retaining 84% over three consecutive cycles. These findings confirm that the derived SG is reliable and stable, highlighting the successful valorization of natural sand for environmental remediation.