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<p>Heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments, arising from anthropogenic sources such as mining, industrial effluents, battery manufacturing, and agricultural runoff, poses severe risks due to persistence, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification. This study evaluates <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> stem powder as a low-cost biosorbent for simultaneous removal of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) from synthetic wastewater. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was employed to systematically vary pH (3, 6, 9), contact time (30, 90, 180&#xa0;min), and adsorbent dosage (0.25, 0.5, 1&#xa0;g) across nine experimental runs, each performed in triplicate (<i>n</i> = 3). Comprehensive characterization via X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and zeta potential confirmed an amorphous, mesoporous structure (BET surface area 47.6 m<sup>2</sup>/g, average pore diameter 1.8&#xa0;nm) enriched with oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups. Results revealed that S8 (pH 9, 90&#xa0;min, 0.25&#xa0;g) achieved the highest average removal efficiency of 97.08 ± 0.52%, with individual values of 97.8 ± 0.4% (As), 95.8 ± 0.6% (Cd), 98.6 ± 0.3% (Pb), and 96.2 ± 0.5% (Hg). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and signal-to-noise ratio identified pH as the dominant factor. Validation under optimized conditions (pH 9, 90&#xa0;min, 0.5&#xa0;g) yielded efficiencies exceeding 93%, though residual Cd, Pb, and Hg increased significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01, <i>n</i> = 3) compared to S8 due to particle agglomeration and reduced effective surface area, while As removal remained unaffected. All data are reported as mean ± SD (<i>n</i> = 3), ensuring robust statistical reliability. This work demonstrates the valorization of mushroom stem waste into an effective, sustainable biosorbent for multi-metal remediation, offering a scalable, eco-friendly alternative to conventional treatment methods.</p>

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Sustainable remediation of heavy metal contamination in aqueous solutions using Agaricus bisporus stem powder: optimization and characterization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月31日

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  • Hossein Mousavi Shahabi

摘要

Heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments, arising from anthropogenic sources such as mining, industrial effluents, battery manufacturing, and agricultural runoff, poses severe risks due to persistence, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification. This study evaluates Agaricus bisporus stem powder as a low-cost biosorbent for simultaneous removal of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) from synthetic wastewater. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was employed to systematically vary pH (3, 6, 9), contact time (30, 90, 180 min), and adsorbent dosage (0.25, 0.5, 1 g) across nine experimental runs, each performed in triplicate (n = 3). Comprehensive characterization via X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and zeta potential confirmed an amorphous, mesoporous structure (BET surface area 47.6 m2/g, average pore diameter 1.8 nm) enriched with oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups. Results revealed that S8 (pH 9, 90 min, 0.25 g) achieved the highest average removal efficiency of 97.08 ± 0.52%, with individual values of 97.8 ± 0.4% (As), 95.8 ± 0.6% (Cd), 98.6 ± 0.3% (Pb), and 96.2 ± 0.5% (Hg). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and signal-to-noise ratio identified pH as the dominant factor. Validation under optimized conditions (pH 9, 90 min, 0.5 g) yielded efficiencies exceeding 93%, though residual Cd, Pb, and Hg increased significantly (p < 0.01, n = 3) compared to S8 due to particle agglomeration and reduced effective surface area, while As removal remained unaffected. All data are reported as mean ± SD (n = 3), ensuring robust statistical reliability. This work demonstrates the valorization of mushroom stem waste into an effective, sustainable biosorbent for multi-metal remediation, offering a scalable, eco-friendly alternative to conventional treatment methods.