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<p>This study presents the first campaign-based assessment of the physio-chemical characteristics, sources, and health risks of particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>) across Uttarakhand state in the Central Himalaya, India. Spanning 13 districts across diverse geographical features during winter and summer with a low volume PM sampler, the research integrates advanced analytical techniques (XRD, SEM–EDX, ICP-MS) with receptor modeling (Positive Matrix Factorization) and health risk assessment. Results reveal significant spatial and seasonal variability: PM<sub>2.5</sub> (20–125&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>) and PM<sub>10</sub> (25–190&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>) concentrations frequently exceeded WHO guidelines, with higher PM<sub>2.5</sub>/PM<sub>10</sub> ratios (0.48–0.72) in winter indicating anthropogenic dominance, while summer showed stronger crustal influences. Aerosol optical depth (380-1020&#xa0;nm) was lower at high-altitude sites (0.24–0.46), with spectral anomalies at 936&#xa0;nm highlighting absorbing aerosols (e.g., black carbon, mineral dust). Mixed aerosols (58%) dominated over dust (18%) and biomass burning (7%). XRD identified carcinogenic quartz and hematite, alongside crustal and industrial minerals (kaolinite, gypsum, calcite etc.). SEM–EDX revealed diverse particle morphologies, with C, O, Si, and Al as dominant elements. PMF source apportionment (ICP-MS) traced PM<sub>10</sub> primarily to mineral dust (41.7%) and combustion activities (34.5%), and PM<sub>2.5</sub> to biomass burning (12.3%) and dust (51.1%). Enrichment factors and health risk assessments indicated potential non-carcinogenic risks (especially for children) from Cd and Al, and carcinogenic risks from Cr. This study highlights the need for targeted mitigation strategies and future research, incorporating a wider range of PM constituents (ions, carbonaceous aerosols, PAHs, trace gases) for a comprehensive understanding of aerosol impacts in the region.</p>

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A campaign-based study on the physio-chemical characterization and source apportionment of particulate matter in the Central Himalayas

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • Vikas Rawat,
  • Narendra Singh,
  • Surendra K. Dhaka,
  • Prashant K. Chauhan,
  • Jagdish C. Kuniyal,
  • Prity S. Pippal,
  • Sanjeev Kimothi,
  • Mayank Kumar Chauhan

摘要

This study presents the first campaign-based assessment of the physio-chemical characteristics, sources, and health risks of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) across Uttarakhand state in the Central Himalaya, India. Spanning 13 districts across diverse geographical features during winter and summer with a low volume PM sampler, the research integrates advanced analytical techniques (XRD, SEM–EDX, ICP-MS) with receptor modeling (Positive Matrix Factorization) and health risk assessment. Results reveal significant spatial and seasonal variability: PM2.5 (20–125 µg/m3) and PM10 (25–190 µg/m3) concentrations frequently exceeded WHO guidelines, with higher PM2.5/PM10 ratios (0.48–0.72) in winter indicating anthropogenic dominance, while summer showed stronger crustal influences. Aerosol optical depth (380-1020 nm) was lower at high-altitude sites (0.24–0.46), with spectral anomalies at 936 nm highlighting absorbing aerosols (e.g., black carbon, mineral dust). Mixed aerosols (58%) dominated over dust (18%) and biomass burning (7%). XRD identified carcinogenic quartz and hematite, alongside crustal and industrial minerals (kaolinite, gypsum, calcite etc.). SEM–EDX revealed diverse particle morphologies, with C, O, Si, and Al as dominant elements. PMF source apportionment (ICP-MS) traced PM10 primarily to mineral dust (41.7%) and combustion activities (34.5%), and PM2.5 to biomass burning (12.3%) and dust (51.1%). Enrichment factors and health risk assessments indicated potential non-carcinogenic risks (especially for children) from Cd and Al, and carcinogenic risks from Cr. This study highlights the need for targeted mitigation strategies and future research, incorporating a wider range of PM constituents (ions, carbonaceous aerosols, PAHs, trace gases) for a comprehensive understanding of aerosol impacts in the region.