<p>Wastewater treatment has garnered significant attention due to the increasing prevalence of industrial processes and the associated environmental challenges. Sustainable alternatives to traditional wastewater treatment technologies are urgently required to address the escalating environmental crisis. Photocatalysis has emerged as a promising technique for wastewater treatment, particularly for the degradation of pharmaceutical compounds, organic contaminants, and microbes. Among them, the perovskite semiconductor piezoelectric barium titanate (BaTiO₃) has demonstrated immense potential due to its advantageous properties, including non-toxicity, low cost, environmental friendliness, high stability, and versatility in crystal phases and morphologies. Despite its promise, BaTiO₃ photocatalysts face challenges such as limited photocatalytic efficiency under visible light, scalability issues for industrial applications, and potential environmental risks associated with nanomaterial residues. Polymer doping, while effective in enhancing photocatalytic performance, introduces complexities in synthesis and increases production costs. Addressing these challenges requires optimizing the synthesis of BaTiO₃ to balance cost, efficiency, and environmental compatibility. Additionally, critically assessing its lifecycle impacts and exploring synergistic effects with other advanced treatment methods are imperative for ensuring its practical and sustainable application in water pollution mitigation. This review highlights the role of BaTiO₃ photocatalysts in degrading active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their application in aquatic environments, both with and without polymer doping. It also discusses the health risks of APIs in water and suggests future research directions. The findings aim to aid in developing cost-effective, efficient photocatalysts for wastewater treatment to promote sustainable water management.</p>