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<p>Malaria remains a major global health concern, with <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> recognized as a primary vector. Targeting the mosquito's larval stage offers an effective vector control strategy. However, the increasing resistance to synthetic pesticides and their environmental impact necessitate the development of alternative, eco-friendly solutions. In this study, we developed chitosan-based nanoparticles encapsulating rosemary (<i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i>) and myrtle (<i>Myrtus communis</i>) essential oils (EOs), along with their predominant component, α-pinene, to evaluate their larvicidal efficacy against <i>An. stephensi</i>. Nanoparticles were prepared via ionic gelation using tripolyphosphate (TPP), and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The encapsulation efficiency reached 65 ± 3% for α-pinene, 75 ± 5% for rosemary EO, and 73 ± 5% for myrtle EO. Bioassays conducted according to WHO guidelines revealed that nanoencapsulation significantly enhanced larvicidal activity: the LC₅₀ of α-pinene decreased from 31 µg/mL (non-formulated) to 8 µg/mL (nanoformulated); for rosemary and myrtle EOs, LC₅₀ values improved from 26 and 27 µg/mL to 11 and 13 µg/mL, respectively. These results demonstrate that chitosan nanoformulations substantially enhance the efficacy of botanical larvicides, offering a biodegradable and sustainable approach to malaria vector control.</p>

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Eco-friendly nanoformulations of α-pinene and essential oils from rosemary and myrtle: potent larvicidal agents against Anopheles stephensi

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • Nazanin Hadipour,
  • Samira Firooziyan,
  • Mahsa Fallahi,
  • Roghayeh Heiran,
  • Malihe GhalkarYazd,
  • Mahmoud Osanloo

摘要

Malaria remains a major global health concern, with Anopheles stephensi recognized as a primary vector. Targeting the mosquito's larval stage offers an effective vector control strategy. However, the increasing resistance to synthetic pesticides and their environmental impact necessitate the development of alternative, eco-friendly solutions. In this study, we developed chitosan-based nanoparticles encapsulating rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and myrtle (Myrtus communis) essential oils (EOs), along with their predominant component, α-pinene, to evaluate their larvicidal efficacy against An. stephensi. Nanoparticles were prepared via ionic gelation using tripolyphosphate (TPP), and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The encapsulation efficiency reached 65 ± 3% for α-pinene, 75 ± 5% for rosemary EO, and 73 ± 5% for myrtle EO. Bioassays conducted according to WHO guidelines revealed that nanoencapsulation significantly enhanced larvicidal activity: the LC₅₀ of α-pinene decreased from 31 µg/mL (non-formulated) to 8 µg/mL (nanoformulated); for rosemary and myrtle EOs, LC₅₀ values improved from 26 and 27 µg/mL to 11 and 13 µg/mL, respectively. These results demonstrate that chitosan nanoformulations substantially enhance the efficacy of botanical larvicides, offering a biodegradable and sustainable approach to malaria vector control.