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<p>This study investigates the effectiveness of activated carbon (AC) produced from Brazil nut shells, using chemical activation with H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, in the removal of ibuprofen sodium (IBU) and diclofenac sodium (DIC) from aqueous solutions, both single (AC_IBU and AC_DIC) and in mixtures [AC_IBU(+ DIC)] and [AC_DIC(+ IBU)]. AC was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) adsorption/desorption at 77&#xa0;K (<i>S</i><sub><i>BET</i></sub> = 1,383.624 m<sup>2</sup>/g and micropore volume <i>V</i><sub><i>MIC</i></sub> = 77.88%), surface pH (2.9) and pH of point zero charge (pH<sub>PZC</sub> = 3.1). A RCCD was applied to assess the effects of varying <i>pH</i>, <i>C</i><sub><i>0</i></sub> (mg/L), and <i>AD</i> (g/L) on single adsorption. Based on these results, kinetics and equilibrium were performed for single and mixture adsorption. For single adsorption, the pseudo-first order (PFO) for (AC_IBU) and pseudo-second order (PSO) for (AC_DIC) models resulted in the best fits. Sips model fitted the experimental data well, with maximum adsorption capacity (<i>q</i><sub><i>mS</i></sub>) at 26&#xa0;°C (i) AC_IBU (150.00&#xa0;mg/g) and (ii) AC_DIC (116.23&#xa0;mg/g). The negative values of <i>ΔG</i>° and <i>ΔH</i>° indicated that the single adsorption processes are spontaneous and exothermic, while the isosteric heat values, Δ<i>H</i><sub><i>st</i></sub> (from − 23.76 to − 5.00&#xa0;kJ/mol) suggest predominance of physical interactions. For mixture adsorption, the PFO and Extended Langmuir (EL) models were considered the best fit to&#xa0;the kinetics and equilibrium experimental data, respectively. Antagonistic interactions were observed in binary adsorption. The loss of adsorption performance after three cycles of use (adsorption/ desorption) for single and binary adsorption was (3–5%). The synthesis of AC was effective, resulting in a microporous and reusable material. AC can be assessed as a promising material for the removal of NSAIDs (IBU and DIC) from aqueous medium.</p>

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Valorization of agro-industrial waste (Brazil nut shells) for porous carbon synthesis: single and simultaneous adsorption of ibuprofen and diclofenac from aqueous solutions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • João Paulo Sousa da Silva,
  • Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva,
  • Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira,
  • Samira Maria Leão de Carvalho

摘要

This study investigates the effectiveness of activated carbon (AC) produced from Brazil nut shells, using chemical activation with H3PO4, in the removal of ibuprofen sodium (IBU) and diclofenac sodium (DIC) from aqueous solutions, both single (AC_IBU and AC_DIC) and in mixtures [AC_IBU(+ DIC)] and [AC_DIC(+ IBU)]. AC was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Nitrogen (N2) adsorption/desorption at 77 K (SBET = 1,383.624 m2/g and micropore volume VMIC = 77.88%), surface pH (2.9) and pH of point zero charge (pHPZC = 3.1). A RCCD was applied to assess the effects of varying pH, C0 (mg/L), and AD (g/L) on single adsorption. Based on these results, kinetics and equilibrium were performed for single and mixture adsorption. For single adsorption, the pseudo-first order (PFO) for (AC_IBU) and pseudo-second order (PSO) for (AC_DIC) models resulted in the best fits. Sips model fitted the experimental data well, with maximum adsorption capacity (qmS) at 26 °C (i) AC_IBU (150.00 mg/g) and (ii) AC_DIC (116.23 mg/g). The negative values of ΔG° and ΔH° indicated that the single adsorption processes are spontaneous and exothermic, while the isosteric heat values, ΔHst (from − 23.76 to − 5.00 kJ/mol) suggest predominance of physical interactions. For mixture adsorption, the PFO and Extended Langmuir (EL) models were considered the best fit to the kinetics and equilibrium experimental data, respectively. Antagonistic interactions were observed in binary adsorption. The loss of adsorption performance after three cycles of use (adsorption/ desorption) for single and binary adsorption was (3–5%). The synthesis of AC was effective, resulting in a microporous and reusable material. AC can be assessed as a promising material for the removal of NSAIDs (IBU and DIC) from aqueous medium.