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<p>This study compared the functionalization of <i>Luffa cylindrica</i> (LC) with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) via thermal reflux (LC–CTAB–R) and microwave-assisted (LC–CTAB–M) methods to enhance the biosorption of anionic dyes methyl orange (MO) and indigo carmine (IC). Surface characterization (FTIR, SEM, EDX, pHpzc, Boehm titration) confirmed successful CTAB incorporation, with microwave-treated LC exhibiting finer agglomerates (~3.8&#xa0;µm), higher nitrogen content (10.38% vs. 3.28%), and a more acidic surface (pHpzc = 5.21 vs. 5.74). Thermal analysis (TGA/DSC) indicated improved stability. Dynamic column experiments assessed initial dye concentration (20–80&#xa0;mg·L⁻<sup>1</sup>), biosorbent mass (2–6&#xa0;g), NaCl (6.25&#xa0;g·L⁻<sup>1</sup>), SDBS (0.8&#xa0;g·L⁻<sup>1</sup>), and ten adsorption–desorption cycles. Raw LC showed limited removal (IC 36–51%, MO 33–44%), whereas LC–CTAB–R achieved IC 65–77.8% and MO 61–73.8%, and LC–CTAB–M reached IC 69–90% and MO 67–84.8%, with total desorbed amounts &gt; 20&#xa0;mg. Higher biosorbent mass increased total uptake (q_tot up to 77&#xa0;mg IC, 70&#xa0;mg MO) but lowered equilibrium capacity (q_eq). NaCl and SDBS affected raw LC significantly (IC/MO 20–36%/17–33% and 17/14%), but CTAB-modified fibers maintained &gt; 61%–68% retention. Ten cycles confirmed excellent regeneration, with LC–CTAB–M retaining &gt; 98% efficiency. These results demonstrate that microwave-assisted CTAB functionalization is rapid (2&#xa0;min), energy-efficient, and produces a high-performance, regenerable biosorbent with strong electrostatic interactions, selectivity, and resistance to competitive conditions, suitable for treating multicomponent dye-laden industrial effluents.</p>

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Comparative study of thermal reflux and microwave-assisted functionalization of Luffa cylindrica with CTAB for enhanced dynamic biosorption of anionic dyes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • Sarra Bouzaabia,
  • Ridha Touati,
  • Aida Kesraoui

摘要

This study compared the functionalization of Luffa cylindrica (LC) with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) via thermal reflux (LC–CTAB–R) and microwave-assisted (LC–CTAB–M) methods to enhance the biosorption of anionic dyes methyl orange (MO) and indigo carmine (IC). Surface characterization (FTIR, SEM, EDX, pHpzc, Boehm titration) confirmed successful CTAB incorporation, with microwave-treated LC exhibiting finer agglomerates (~3.8 µm), higher nitrogen content (10.38% vs. 3.28%), and a more acidic surface (pHpzc = 5.21 vs. 5.74). Thermal analysis (TGA/DSC) indicated improved stability. Dynamic column experiments assessed initial dye concentration (20–80 mg·L⁻1), biosorbent mass (2–6 g), NaCl (6.25 g·L⁻1), SDBS (0.8 g·L⁻1), and ten adsorption–desorption cycles. Raw LC showed limited removal (IC 36–51%, MO 33–44%), whereas LC–CTAB–R achieved IC 65–77.8% and MO 61–73.8%, and LC–CTAB–M reached IC 69–90% and MO 67–84.8%, with total desorbed amounts > 20 mg. Higher biosorbent mass increased total uptake (q_tot up to 77 mg IC, 70 mg MO) but lowered equilibrium capacity (q_eq). NaCl and SDBS affected raw LC significantly (IC/MO 20–36%/17–33% and 17/14%), but CTAB-modified fibers maintained > 61%–68% retention. Ten cycles confirmed excellent regeneration, with LC–CTAB–M retaining > 98% efficiency. These results demonstrate that microwave-assisted CTAB functionalization is rapid (2 min), energy-efficient, and produces a high-performance, regenerable biosorbent with strong electrostatic interactions, selectivity, and resistance to competitive conditions, suitable for treating multicomponent dye-laden industrial effluents.