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<p>Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a category of PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), particularly prevalent in aquatic environments, and this study investigated the effectiveness of electrochemical oxidation using cost-effective graphite electrodes for PFOA degradation with sodium sulfate as the supporting electrolyte. Optimization studies revealed maximum degradation efficiency at pH 3, 45&#xa0;mA/cm<sup>2</sup> current density, 20&#xa0;mM electrolyte concentration, and 4-h treatment time. Under these conditions, the system achieved 85% total organic carbon (TOC) removal, 84.19% PFOA degradation confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and defluorination, demonstrating substantial mineralization of PFOA. High-resolution mass spectrometry identified a degradation pathway proceeding through defluorination, decarboxylation, hydroxylation, and dehydroxylation mechanisms, with heptafluoropropane identified as the final organic intermediate before complete mineralization to CO₂, H₂O, and fluoride ions. The system followed a decarboxylation-hydroxylation-elimination-hydrolysis (DHEH) mechanism. Ion chromatography confirmed significant defluorination, with fluoride concentrations increasing from 13.1 to 884.33&#xa0;μg/L. Characterization of electrodes revealed surface modifications that enhanced electrochemical activity while maintaining structural integrity. These findings demonstrate that graphite electrodes offer a cost-effective alternative to expensive boron-doped diamond electrodes for PFOA removal while maintaining comparable performance.</p>

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Electrochemical degradation of PFOA using unmodified graphite electrodes: a scalable approach for PFAS remediation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Kochuparambil Ajayaghosh Akhilghosh,
  • Salman Farissi,
  • Vijayalekshmi Padmachandran Aiswriya,
  • Charuvila T. Aravindakumar,
  • Muthukumar Muthuchamy,
  • Anbazhagi Muthukumar

摘要

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a category of PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), particularly prevalent in aquatic environments, and this study investigated the effectiveness of electrochemical oxidation using cost-effective graphite electrodes for PFOA degradation with sodium sulfate as the supporting electrolyte. Optimization studies revealed maximum degradation efficiency at pH 3, 45 mA/cm2 current density, 20 mM electrolyte concentration, and 4-h treatment time. Under these conditions, the system achieved 85% total organic carbon (TOC) removal, 84.19% PFOA degradation confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and defluorination, demonstrating substantial mineralization of PFOA. High-resolution mass spectrometry identified a degradation pathway proceeding through defluorination, decarboxylation, hydroxylation, and dehydroxylation mechanisms, with heptafluoropropane identified as the final organic intermediate before complete mineralization to CO₂, H₂O, and fluoride ions. The system followed a decarboxylation-hydroxylation-elimination-hydrolysis (DHEH) mechanism. Ion chromatography confirmed significant defluorination, with fluoride concentrations increasing from 13.1 to 884.33 μg/L. Characterization of electrodes revealed surface modifications that enhanced electrochemical activity while maintaining structural integrity. These findings demonstrate that graphite electrodes offer a cost-effective alternative to expensive boron-doped diamond electrodes for PFOA removal while maintaining comparable performance.