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<p>Environmental estrogens represent a serious challenge for wastewater treatment due to their persistence, bioactivity, and potential impacts on human and environmental health. This work presents an integrative literature review on the removal of environmental estrogens by microalgae and microalgae-bacteria consortia in aqueous systems. Of 267 preselected articles, 24 met the search criteria and were further analyzed. Only three pilot-scale studies were found. The majority of studies were carried out using culture media, with fewer using real or synthetic wastewater. The natural estrogens 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and estrone were the most frequently studied compounds. <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> and <i>Selenastrum capricornutum</i> were the most commonly used microalgae, followed by bacteria-algae consortia, with the latter achieving 69% estrogenic compound removal on average. Estrogenic activity was quantified in only six studies, with an average removal efficiency of 53%; however, no studies evaluated removal from real wastewater without prior manipulation. Consortia performed better than individual species in estrogenic compound/activity removal in complex mixtures, although several challenges persist, including toxicity of environmental estrogens to microalgae, formation of estrogenic degradation products, and lack of understanding of ecological interactions that affect removal in full-scale systems.</p>

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Removal of environmental estrogens and estrogenic activity by microalgae and microalgae-bacteria consortia: an integrative review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月1日

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  • Priscila Romana da Silva,
  • Ann H. Mounteer

摘要

Environmental estrogens represent a serious challenge for wastewater treatment due to their persistence, bioactivity, and potential impacts on human and environmental health. This work presents an integrative literature review on the removal of environmental estrogens by microalgae and microalgae-bacteria consortia in aqueous systems. Of 267 preselected articles, 24 met the search criteria and were further analyzed. Only three pilot-scale studies were found. The majority of studies were carried out using culture media, with fewer using real or synthetic wastewater. The natural estrogens 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and estrone were the most frequently studied compounds. Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum were the most commonly used microalgae, followed by bacteria-algae consortia, with the latter achieving 69% estrogenic compound removal on average. Estrogenic activity was quantified in only six studies, with an average removal efficiency of 53%; however, no studies evaluated removal from real wastewater without prior manipulation. Consortia performed better than individual species in estrogenic compound/activity removal in complex mixtures, although several challenges persist, including toxicity of environmental estrogens to microalgae, formation of estrogenic degradation products, and lack of understanding of ecological interactions that affect removal in full-scale systems.